社会主义政治经济学(1976年)

Praised for its unique combination of accessibility and comprehensiveness, The Quest for Truth, Tenth Edition, provides an excellent selection of ninety-five classical and contemporary readings--on twenty key problems in philosophy--carefully organized so that they present pro/con dialogues that allow students to compare and contrast the philosophers' positions. Each of the readings is accompanied by study questions, end-of-reading reflective questions, and an individual introduction featuring a biographical sketch of the philosopher. A tutorial on logic and argument, a time line, boldfaced key terms, a detailed glossary, and an appendix on reading and writing philosophy papers further enhance the text's pedagogical value. In addition, each major section opens with a substantial introduction and ends with a short bibliography. Cover......Page 1 Half Title Page......Page 2 Title Page......Page 4 Copyright......Page 5 Dedication......Page 6 Contents......Page 8 IMPROVEMENTS IN THE TENTH EDITION......Page 14 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 15 THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD......Page 16 THE MODERN PERIOD......Page 17 THE CONTEMPORARY PERIOD......Page 18 Part I: What Is Philosophy?......Page 20 THE GOOD OF PHILOSOPHY......Page 21 PHILOSOPHICAL TERRAIN......Page 22 Reasons and Arguments......Page 24 Fallacious Reasoning......Page 33 Identifying Arguments......Page 38 Some Applications......Page 40 Exercises in Critical Reasoning......Page 41 Study and Discussion Questions......Page 44 I.1 Plato: Socratic Wisdom ......Page 46 I.2 Plato: The Allegory of the Cave ......Page 58 I.3 John Locke: Of Enthusiasm and the Quest for Truth......Page 61 I.4 Bertrand Russell: The Value of Philosophy......Page 68 Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 72 Part II: Philosophy of Religion......Page 74 II.A Is Belief in God Rationally Justified? Arguments for the Existence of God......Page 75 II.5 Thomas Aquinas: The Five Ways......Page 79 II.6 William Lane Craig: The Kalam Cosmological Argument and the Anthropic Principle ......Page 83 II.7 Paul Edwards: A Critique of the Cosmological Argument......Page 101 II.8 William Paley: The Watch and the Watchmaker......Page 111 II.9 David Hume: A Critique of the Teleological Argument......Page 114 II.10 St. Anselm and Gaunilo: The Ontological Argument ......Page 121 II.11 William Rowe: An Analysis of the Ontological Argument......Page 124 II.B Why Is There Evil?......Page 136 II.12 Fyodor Dostoevsky: Why Is There Evil?......Page 137 II.13 B. C. Johnson: Why Doesn’t God Intervene to Prevent Evil?......Page 141 II.14 John Hick: There Is a Reason Why God Allows Evil......Page 147 II.15 William L. Rowe: The Problem of Evil and Some Varieties of Atheism ......Page 152 II.16 Blaise Pascal: Yes, Faith Is a Logical Bet......Page 161 II.17 W. K. Clifford: The Ethics of Belief......Page 165 II.18 William James: The Will to Believe......Page 170 II.19 Antony Flew, R. M. Hare, and Basil Mitchell: A Debate on the Rationality of Religious Belief ......Page 179 II.20 Alvin Plantinga: Religious Belief Without Evidence......Page 185 II.21 Søren Kierkegaard: Faith and Truth......Page 197 II.22 Bertrand Russell: Can Religion Cure Our Troubles?......Page 201 Key Terms......Page 207 Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 208 Part III: Knowledge......Page 210 III.A What Can We Know? Classical Theories of Knowledge......Page 211 III.23 René Descartes: Cartesian Doubt and the Search for Foundational Knowledge ......Page 213 III.24 John Locke: The Empiricist Theory of Knowledge......Page 219 III.25 George Berkeley: An Idealist Theory of Knowledge......Page 231 III.26 David Hume: The Origin of Our Ideas......Page 241 III.27 G. E. Moore: Proof of an External World ......Page 243 III.B. Truth, Rationality, and Cognitive Relativism......Page 247 III.28 Bertrand Russell: The Correspondence Theory of Truth......Page 249 III.29 William James: The Pragmatic Theory of Truth......Page 254 III.30 Richard Rorty: Dismantling Truth: Solidarity Versus Objectivity......Page 263 III.31 Daniel Dennett: Postmodernism and Truth......Page 271 III.32 Eve Browning Cole: Philosophy and Feminist Criticism ......Page 278 III.33 Alison Ainley: Feminist Philosophy......Page 282 III.D Induction......Page 284 III.34 David Hume: Skeptical Doubts Concerning the Operations of the Understanding ......Page 285 III.35 Wesley C. Salmon: The Problem of Induction......Page 296 Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 304 Part IV: Philosophy of Mind: The Mind-Body Problem......Page 306 IV.A What Am I? A Mind or a Body?......Page 307 IV.36 René Descartes: Substance Dualism......Page 310 IV.37 Gilbert Ryle: Exorcising Descartes’ “Ghost in the Machine”......Page 317 IV.38 J. P. Moreland: A Contemporary Defense of Dualism......Page 324 IV.39 Paul Churchland: On Functionalism and Materialism......Page 335 IV.40 J. J. C. Smart: Sensations and Brain Processes......Page 350 IV.41 Thomas Nagel: What Is It Like to Be a Bat?......Page 360 IV.42 Jerry A. Fodor: The Mind-Body Problem......Page 368 IV.43 David Chalmers: Property Dualism......Page 379 IV.44 John Searle: Minds, Brains, and Computers......Page 381 IV.45 Ned Block: Troubles with Functionalism......Page 389 IV.B Who Am I? Do We Have Personal Identity?......Page 395 IV.46 John Locke: Our Psychological Properties Define the Self......Page 399 IV.47 David Hume: We Have No Substantial Self with Which We Are Identical......Page 402 Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 405 Part V: Freedom of the Will and Determinism......Page 408 V.48 Baron D’holbach: We Are Completely Determined......Page 414 V.49 William James: The Dilemma of Determinism......Page 419 V.50 Roderick M. Chisholm: Human Freedom and the Self......Page 430 V.51 Harry Frankfurt: Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person ......Page 438 V.52 David Hume: Liberty and Necessity......Page 448 Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 451 Part VI: Ethics ......Page 454 What Is Ethics?......Page 455 VI.A Are There Any Moral Absolutes or Is Morality Completely Relative?......Page 458 VI.53 Ruth Benedict: Morality Is Relative......Page 459 VI.54 James Rachels: Morality Is Not Relative......Page 464 VI.B Ethics and Egoism: Why Should We Be Moral?......Page 473 VI.55 Plato: Why Should I Be Moral? Gyges’ Ring and Socrates’ Dilemma......Page 474 VI.56 Louis P. Pojman: Egoism and Altruism: A Critique of Ayn Rand......Page 480 VI.57 Joel Feinberg: Psychological Egoism......Page 485 VI.58 Immanuel Kant: The Moral Law......Page 499 VI.59 John Stuart Mill: Utilitarianism......Page 512 VI.60 Bernard Williams: Against Utilitarianism......Page 519 VI.61 Aristotle: The Ethics of Virtue......Page 527 VI.62 Virginia Held: The Ethics of Care......Page 537 VI.63 Alison M. Jaggar: Feminist Ethics ......Page 547 VI.64 Annette C. Baier: The Need for More Than Justice......Page 558 VI.65 Jean-Paul Sartre: Existentialist Ethics......Page 567 VI.66 James Rachels: The Divine Command Theory......Page 574 VI.67 Thomas Nagel: Moral Luck......Page 577 Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 585 Part VII: Political Philosophy and Justice......Page 588 VII.A What Is the Most Just Form of Government? ......Page 589 VII.68 Robert Paul Wolff: In Defense of Anarchism......Page 590 VII.69 Thomas Hobbes: The Absolutist Answer: The Justification of the State Is the Security It Affords ......Page 595 VII.70 John Locke: The Democratic Answer: The Justification of the State Is Its Promotion of Security and Natural Human Rights......Page 605 VII.71 John Stuart Mill: A Classical Liberal Answer: Government Must Promote Freedom ......Page 610 VII.72 John Rawls: The Contemporary Liberal Answer......Page 617 VII.73 Robert Nozick: Against Liberalism......Page 627 VII.B What Is Social Justice?......Page 637 VII.74 Martin Luther King, Jr.: Nonviolence and Racial Justice......Page 638 VII.75 Susan Moller Okin: Justice, Gender, and the Family......Page 640 VII.76 Mary Wollstonecraft: A Vindication of the Rights of Women......Page 643 Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 646 Part VIII: What Is the Meaning of Life?......Page 648 VIII.77 Epicurus: Moderate Hedonism......Page 650 VIII.78 Epictetus: Stoicism: Enchiridion......Page 656 VIII.79 Albert Camus: Life Is Absurd ......Page 665 VIII.80 Julian Baggini: Living Life Forwards......Page 670 VIII.81 Louis P. Pojman: Religion Gives Meaning to Life......Page 678 VIII.82 Thomas Nagel: The Absurd......Page 682 VIII.83 Bertrand Russell: Reflections on Suffering ......Page 690 Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 692 Part IX: Contemporary Moral Problems......Page 694 IX.A Is Abortion Morally Permissible?......Page 695 IX.84 Don Marquis: Why Abortion Is Immoral......Page 696 IX.85 Francis J. Beckwith: Arguments from Bodily Rights......Page 710 IX.86 Mary Anne Warren: On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion......Page 723 IX.87 Judith Jarvis Thomson: A Defense of Abortion......Page 730 IX.88 Jane English: The Moderate Position: Beyond the Personhood Argument ......Page 742 IX.B Is the Death Penalty Morally Permissible?......Page 749 IX.89 Burton Leiser: The Death Penalty Is Permissible......Page 750 IX.90 Hugo Adam Bedau: No, the Death Penalty Is Not Morally Permissible ......Page 756 IX.91 Maggie Gallagher: What Marriage Is For: Children Need Mothers and Fathers......Page 766 IX.92 Jonathan Rauch: For Better or Worse?......Page 771 IX.D Do We Have Obligations to the Poor and Hungry? ......Page 778 IX.93 Peter Singer: Famine, Affluence, and Morality......Page 780 IX.94 Garrett Hardin: Living on a Lifeboat......Page 789 Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 802 Appendix: How to Read and Write Philosophy Papers......Page 804 Glossary......Page 814