2D MATERIALS : sensing applications

This book summarizes various scalable and cost-effective techniques to fabricate different 2D materials beyond graphene including, but not limited to, transition metal dichalcognides (TMDs), MXenes, Transition Metal Oxides (TMOs), etc. This book focuses on recent advancements in the field of sensors based on these 2D materials and their heterostructures. These materials exhibit a wide range of sensing applications and have become one of the potential research areas for the scientific community due to their exceptional and tunable properties. This book provides basic and fundamental knowledge about various sensing mechanisms, challenges, and future opportunities for the fabrication/development of the next-generation sensors with applications in daily lives. Preface Contents Editors and Contributors Scalable and Cost-Effective Synthesis of 2D Materials 1 Introduction 2 Synthesis of 2D Materials 2.1 Top-Down Approach 2.2 Bottom-Up Approach 3 Evaluation and Criteria of Scalability in Exfoliation Method 3.1 Production Rate 3.2 Exfoliation Yield 3.3 Reproducibility 3.4 Cost 3.5 Tunability 3.6 Quality Uniformity 4 Prospects and Conclusions References 2D-MoS2 and WS2-Based Chemical Gas Sensor 1 Introduction 2 Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) Based Gas Sensor 2.1 Pristine MoS2-Based Gas Sensor 2.2 Nanoparticle Decorated/Functionalized MoS2-Based Gas Sensor 2.3 MoS2 Hybrids and Heterostructures 3 Tungsten Disulfide (WS2) Based Gas Sensor 3.1 Pristine WS2 Based Gas Sensor 3.2 Metal and Metal Oxide Decorated WS2-Based Gas Sensor 3.3 WS2 Hybrids and Heterostructures-Based Gas Sensor 4 Conclusion References Surface Engineered 2D TMD Materials for Advanced Wearable Biosensors 1 Introduction 2 Deposition Techniques for 2D TMDs Materials 2.1 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) 2.2 Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) 2.3 Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) 2.4 Solvothermal Synthesis 2.5 Liquid-Phase Exfoliation (LPE) 3 Performance Analysis of 2D TMDs in Wearable Biosensors 4 Effect of Surface Modification on Performance Parameters of Wearable Biosensors 5 Bandgap Tuneability and Functionalization: Challenges and Their Potential Solutions 5.1 Bandgap Tuneability and Functionalization: Challenges 5.2 Bandgap Tuneability and Functionalization: Potential Solutions 6 Potential Applications of the Wearable Biosensors 7 Present State-Of-The-Art Work of Various 2D Materials in Wearable Biosensors 8 Conclusion References Recent Developments in Various 2D Material-Based Gas Sensors: Diagnostic Perspective of Human Exhalation 1 Introduction 2 Prominence of 2D Materials for Sensing Applications 3 Advancements in 2D Material-Based Biomarkers 3.1 Acetone Sensing 3.2 Ammonia (NH3) Sensing 3.3 Nitrogen Oxide Sensing 3.4 Hydrogen Sulfide Sensing 4 Summary and Future Perspectives References Electrochemical Sensors Based on 2D Materials (2DMs) and Their Heterostructures 1 Introduction 2 Synthesis and Characteristics of 2DMs 3 Electrochemical Sensors Based on 2DMs and Their Heterostructures 3.1 Sensors for Food Quality Monitoring 3.2 Sensors for Environmental Applications 3.3 Electrochemical Sensors for Health Monitoring 3.4 Electrochemical Sensors for Biomolecular Detection 4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives References 2D Materials for Gas Sensing Application 1 Introduction 2 Two-Dimensional Materials for Gas Sensing 2.1 Graphene 2.2 Transitional Metal Dichalcogenides 3 Fabrication Techniques 3.1 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) 3.2 Liquid-Phase Exfoliation 3.3 Transfer Methods 4 Sensing Mechanisms of 2D Materials 5 Application of Gas Sensing in Numerous Areas 5.1 Environmental Monitoring 5.2 Healthcare Applications 5.3 Process and Industrial Monitoring 5.4 Safety Industries 6 Conclusion and Future Aspects References Organic Linkers and Their Modified Nanoparticles for Colorimetric Monitoring Devices for Inorganic Water Contaminants 1 Introduction 2 Inorganic Pollutants 2.1 Mercury 2.2 Arsenic 2.3 Copper 2.4 Lead 2.5 Silver 3 Organic Linkers for Colorimetric Monitoring Devices 3.1 Schiff Base Organic Ligands 3.2 Modified Nanoparticles-Based Colorimetric Ligands 4 Future Directions and Challenges 5 Conclusion References 2D Material-Based Textile Sensors for Human Health Monitoring Applications 1 Introduction 2 Research Methodology of the Chapter 2.1 Methodology for Searching Literature 2.2 Implementation of the Methodology 2.3 Reviewing, Refining, and Filtering Database 3 Two Dimensional (2D) Materials 3.1 Graphene 3.2 Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides-MXene 4 2D Material-Based Textile Sensors/Systems for Monitoring of Human Health 4.1 2D Materials-Based Textile Sweat Sensors 4.2 2D Materials-Based Textile Electrocardiography Sensors 4.3 2D Materials-Based Textile Exhaled Breath Sensors 4.4 2D Materials-based Textile Human Motion Sensors 5 Summary and Prospects References 2D Materials—Applications in Photo Sensors 1 Introduction 2 Characteristics of 2D Materials as Photosensors and in Other Sensing Applications 3 Mechanism of Photo Sensing Process 3.1 Photocurrent Production Caused by e−–h+ Partition 3.2 Photocurrent Generation Driven by Thermal Mechanisms 4 2D Materials Used in Sensing Applications 4.1 Graphene-Based and Graphene-Containing Photodetectors 4.2 Photosensors Based on MoS2 4.3 Molybdenum Diselenide (MoSe2)-Based Photosensor 4.4 Tungsten Disulfide-Based Photosensor (WS2) 4.5 Black Phosphorous-Based Photosensor 5 Conclusion and Recent Development References 2D Materials’ Sensing Mechanisms 1 Introduction 2 Sensing Mechanisms 3 Applications References