2D Nanomaterials : Synthesis, Properties, and Applications

2D NANOMATERIALS The book provides a comprehensive overview of the synthesis, modification, characterization, and application of 2D nanomaterials. In recent years, 2D nanomaterials have emerged as a remarkable cornerstone in the field of advanced materials research, with their unique properties and versatile applications captivating the attention of scientists and engineers worldwide. This book is a testament to the ever-growing interest and importance of 2D nanomaterials in the realm of materials science, nanotechnology, pharmaceuticals, and a myriad of engineering specializations. The book is structured into three sections, each delving into different aspects of 2D nanomaterials. The first section explores the synthesis of these materials, providing an overview of both top-down and bottom-up strategies. Understanding the methods by which these materials can be synthesized is crucial for advancing their potential applications. Additionally, this section details the structural characterization of 2D nanomaterials, shedding light on their intricate compositions and properties. The second section examines the diverse characteristics exhibited by 2D nanomaterials. From their magnetic and mechanical properties to their electrical, plasmonic, and optical behaviors, these materials possess an array of intriguing attributes that make them highly attractive for a wide range of applications. This section of the book provides a comprehensive understanding of these properties, enabling readers to appreciate the unique potential of 2D nanomaterials. The final section focuses on the applications of 2D nanomaterials, highlighting their use in various fields such as energy, water purification, biomedical applications, multimodal tumor therapy, and supercapacitor technology. Cover Half Title 2D Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications Copyright Contents Preface Part I: Synthesis of 2D Nanomaterials 1. Top-Down Strategies Synthesis of 2D Nanomaterial 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Top-Down Strategy Synthesis Method 1.2.1 Etching 1.2.2 Mechanical Milling 1.2.3 Sputtering 1.3 Laser Ablation 1.4 Characterizations and Toxicity of 2D Nanomaterials 1.5 Conclusions References 2. Bottom-Up Strategies for Synthesis of 2D Nanomaterial 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Types of 2D Nanomaterial 2.2.1 Graphene 2.2.2 MXenes 2.2.3 Black Phosphorus 2.2.4 Hexagonal Boron Nitride 2.2.5 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides 2.2.6 Graphitic Carbon Nitride 2.2.7 MOF and COF 2.3 Synthesis Strategies 2.3.1 Top-Down 2.3.1.1 Mechanical Milling 2.3.1.2 Electrospinning 2.3.1.3 Lithography 2.3.1.4 Sputtering 2.3.1.5 The Arc Discharge Method 2.3.1.6 Laser Ablation 2.3.2 Bottom-Up Method 2.3.2.1 Chemical Vapor Deposition 2.3.2.2 Sol–Gel Method 2.3.2.3 Solvothermal and Hydrothermal Methods 2.3.2.4 Sost and Hard Template and Reverse Micelle Methods 2.4 Bottom-Up Strategies for Synthesis of 2D Nanomaterial 2.5 Conclusion and Outlook References 3. Unveiling the Intricacies: Characterization Techniques for 2D Nanomaterials 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Characterization Techniques 3.2.1 XRD 3.2.2 SEM and TEM 3.2.3 Optical Microscope 3.2.4 AFM 3.2.5 XPS 3.2.6 RAMAN 3.3 Conclusion References Part II: Properties of 2D Nanomaterials 4. Crystal Structure, Magnetic and Mechanical Properties of 2D Nanomaterials 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Structure of 2D Materials 4.2.1 Graphene 4.2.2 Black Phosphorous 4.2.3 Transition Metal Dichalcogenide (TMDC) 4.3 Magnetic 2D Materials 4.4 Origin of Magnetization in 2D Materials 4.5 Mechanical Properties of 2D Nanomaterials 4.6 Conclusion References 5. Electrical, Plasmonic, and Optical Properties of 2D Nanomaterials 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Overview of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials (2D NMs) 5.3 Electrical Properties of 2D NMs 5.4 Optical Properties of 2D NMs 5.5 Plasmonic Properties of 2D NMs 5.6 Recent Applications of 2D NMs 5.6.1 2D NMs for BioMedical Application 5.6.2 2D NMs in the Field of Energy 5.6.3 2D NMs as Lubricant Additive 5.7 Challenges and Prospective 5.8 Conclusion Acknowledgments References Part III: Application of 2D Nanomaterials 6. Challenges Surrounding 2D Nanomaterials and Their Application to Photocatalytic Industrial Wastewater Abstract 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Photocatalysis for Industrial Wastewater Treatment 6.2.1 Principles of Photocatalysis 6.2.2 Photocatalytic Processes for Industrial Wastewater Treatment 6.2.3 Advantages and Limitations of Photocatalysis 6.3 2D Nanomaterials in Photocatalysis 6.3.1 Introduction to 2D Nanomaterials and Types Used in Photocatalysis 6.3.2 Key Properties and Characteristics of 2D Nanomaterials 6.3.3 Role of 2D Nanomaterials in Enhancing Photocatalytic Performance 6.4 Challenges in Utilizing 2D Nanomaterials for Photocatalytic Wastewater Treatment 6.4.1 Synthesis and Fabrication Challenges 6.4.2 Stability and Degradation Issues 6.4.3 Efficiency and Selectivity Considerations 6.4.4 Scalability and Cost-Effectiveness Challenges 6.5 Strategies to Overcome Challenges 6.5.1 Improvement of Synthesis and Fabrication Techniques 6.5.2 Enhancement of Stability and Durability 6.5.3 Optimization of Photocatalytic Performance 6.5.4 Economical and Scalable Production Methods 6.6 Case Studies and Applications 6.6.1 Examples of Successful Applications of 2D Nanomaterials 6.6.2 Case Studies in Photocatalytic Industrial Wastewater Treatment 6.6.3 Lessons Learned and Future Prospects 6.7 Conclusion References 7. Application of 2D Nanomaterials for Energy Storage Abstract 7.1 Introduction 7.2 2D Nanomaterials for Application of Lithium Ion Batteries 7.3 Application of 2D Nanomaterials in Sodium Ion Batteries 7.4 Application of 2D Nanomaterials in Potassium Ion Batteries 7.5 Applications of 2D Nanomaterials in Supercapacitors Conclusions References 8. Innovation in Photoinduced Antibacterial 2D Nanomaterials Abstract 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Antibacterial Applications Based on Graphene- Induced Photostimulation 8.2.1 Nanomaterials for Antibacterial Transition-Metal Dichalcogenides/Oxides 8.2.2 Antibacterial Nanomaterials Based on Carbon Nitride 8.2.3 Antibacterial Nanomaterials Based on Black Phosphorus 8.2.4 Other 2D Antibacterial Nanomaterials 8.3 Antibacterial Mechanisms of Graphene-Based Family 8.3.1 Physical Contact Destruction 8.3.2 Oxidative Stress 8.3.3 Disruption of Bacterial Protein Interactions 8.3.4 Photo-Induced Mechanisms 8.4 Conclusion References 9. 2D Nanomaterials for Drug Delivery System Abstract 9.1 Introduction 9.2 2D Material Biosynthesis 9.3 Encapsulation of 2D Materials 9.4 Hydrogel Encapsulation—2D Materials 9.5 2D Material Encapsulation—Liposomes 9.6 2D Supply Encapsulation—Micelle 9.7 Stimuli Responsive 2D Material SDDSs— Classification 9.8 Light-Sensitive SDDSs 9.9 Magnetic Field-Responsive SDDSs 9.10 Various Response Exhibits Diverse— Advantages/Disadvantages 9.11 2D Material SDDS Therapy—Cancer 9.12 Antibacterial 9.12.1 Central Nervous System 9.13 Orthopedic 9.14 Diabetes Mellitus 9.15 2D Materials in Intelligent Drug Delivery System—Advantages 9.16 Disadvantages 9.17 Conclusion and Future Perspective Acknowledgements References 10. New Technology 2D Nanomaterials for Neural Tissue Engineering Abstract 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Regeneration of Tissue and Organ Repair in Nature 10.2.1 The ‘Curious Case’ of Lizard: A Nature’s Classic 10.2.2 Regenerative Capabilities of Amphibians 10.2.3 Regeneration in Humans 10.3 Nanotechnology and Neural Tissue Engineering 10.3.1 Definition of Nanotechnology a) Zero Dimensional (0-D) b) One Dimensional (1-D) c) Two Dimensional (2-D) d) Three-Dimensional (3-D) 10.3.2 Synthesis of Nanomaterials or Nanoparticles 10.4 2D Nanomaterials for Tissue Engineering Application 10.4.1 Graphene-Based Nanomaterials in Tissue Engineering 10.4.2 Black-Phosphorus (BP)-Based Nanosheets in Tissue Engineering 10.4.3 Application of 2D Nanoclay in Tissue Engineering 10.5 2D Nanomaterials and Peripheral Nerve Engineering 10.5.1 Peripheral Nerve 10.5.2 Damage and Regeneration in Peripheral Nerve 10.5.3 Key Features of Nanomaterials in Neural Tissue Engineering 10.5.4 Mechanism of 2D Nanomaterial-Based Neural Regeneration 10.5.4.1 Graphene 10.5.4.2 Graphene Oxide 10.5.4.3 Black Phosphorus (BP) 10.6 Application of 2D Nanomaterials in Spinal Cord Repair 10.7 2D Nanomaterials for Drug/Gene Delivery 10.8 Challenges and Prospects References 11. Theranostic Approach of 2D Nanomaterials in Breast Cancer Abstract 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Applications Conclusion Acknowledgments References 12. 2D Nanomaterials for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production Abstract 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Basics of Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production 12.3 2D Nanomaterials for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production 12.3.1 Graphene-Based 12.3.2 Carbon Nitrides 12.3.3 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides 12.3.4 MXene 12.4 Enhancing the Photocatalytic Performance 12.5 Conclusion and Outlook Acknowledgments References 13. Supercapacitor Based on 2D Nanomaterials and Their Hybrid Abstract 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Structure Design of 2D Nanomaterial-Based Supercapacitors 13.3 2D Nanomaterials for Supercapacitor Technology 13.3.a Transition Metal Oxides (TMOs) and Transition Metal Hydroxides (TMHs)-Based Supercapacitor 13.3.a.1 Transition Metal Oxides 13.3.a.2 Transition Metal Hydroxides 13.3.b Transition Metal Carbide/Carbonitride (MXene)-Based Supercapacitor 13.3.c Transition Metal Dichalcogenide (TMD)-Based Supercapacitor 13.3.d Black Phosphorous-Based Supercapacitor 13.4 Conclusions References 14. 2D Nanomaterials Based for Electrocatalytic Application Abstract 14.1 Introduction 14.1.1 Introduction to 2D Nanomaterials and Their Unique Properties 14.1.2 Motivation for Utilizing 2D Nanomaterials in Electrocatalytic Applications 14.2 Types of 2D Nanomaterials 14.2.1 Graphene 14.2.2 Dichalcogenides (TMDs) 14.2.3 Brief Overview of Their Structures and Properties 14.3 Electrocatalytic Reactions Enabled by 2D Nanomaterials 14.3.1 Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) 14.3.2 Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER) 14.3.3 Carbon Dioxide Reduction Reaction (CO2RR) 14.3.4 Synthesis and Characterization Techniques 14.3.4.1 Synthesis Methods for 2D Nanomaterials 14.3.4.2 Characterization Techniques for 2D Nanomaterials 14.3.4.3 Relationship Between Synthesis, Structure, and Electrocatalytic Perfomance 14.4 Challenges and Future Perspectives 14.4.1 Current Challenges in Utilizing 2D Nanomaterials for Electrocatalytic Application 14.4.2 Potential Strategies to Overcome These Challenges 14.4.3 Future Directions and Emerging Trends in the Field 14.5 Conclusion References 15. Engineering 2D Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications Abstract 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Synthesis of Nanomaterials 15.3 Nanomaterials for Cancer Treatment 15.4 Difference of 2D Materials from Bulk Materials 15.4.1 Graphene 15.4.1.1 Synthesis of Graphene 15.4.1.2 Graphene Properties 15.4.1.3 Applications of Graphene 15.4.2 Hexagonal Boron Nitride (hBN) 15.4.2.1 Hexagonal Boron Nitride (hBN) Synthesis 15.4.2.2 Properties of Hexagonal Boron Nitride (hBN) 15.4.2.3 Applications of Hexagonal Boron Nitride (hBN) 15.4.3 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs) 15.4.3.1 Synthesis of Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs) 15.4.3.2 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs) and its Properties 15.4.3.3 Applications of Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs) 15.5 2DNMS for Next-Generation Quantum and Electronic Devices 15.6 Functionalized Hybridization of 2D Nanomaterials References 16. The Potential Applications of 2D Nanomaterials for Water Purification Abstract 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Contaminants Present in Water 16.3 2D Nanomaterial-Based Water Purification Membranes 16.4 Solar Desalination Membrane 16.5 Filtration Membrane 16.6 Properties of Widely Used 2DM for Water Purification 16.6.1 MXene 16.6.2 g-C3N4 16.6.3 Black Phosphorus 16.6.4 Graphene 16.6.5 h-BN 16.7 Synthesis of 2DM 16.7.1 Top-Down Approach 16.7.1.1 Liquid Exfoliation via Oxidation/Ion Intercalation/ Mechanical Force 16.7.1.2 Mechanical Cleavage 16.7.1.3 Ion Exchange 16.7.1.4 Selective Etching 16.7.2 Bottom-Up Approach 16.7.2.1 Chemical Vapor Deposition 16.7.2.2 Wet-Chemical (WC) Synthesis 16.8 Adsorption of Contaminants From Water 16.8.1 Removal of Ions 16.8.2 Removal of Heavy Metals 16.9 Photocatalytic Purification of Water 16.10 Conclusion and Future Prospects References 17. Insights into the Exciton Dynamics of Functionalized 2D Nanomaterials for Robust Photoelectrochemical Sensing Applications Abstract 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Basic Theory and Working Principle of Photoelectrochemical Sensing 17.3 Experimental Setup of Photoelectrochemical Cell 17.4 Importance of Photoactive Material in Photoelectrochemical Sensing 17.5 2D Nanomaterials in Photoelectrochemical Sensing 17.6 Current Challenges and Future Prospects 17.7 Conclusion References 18. Fabrication of 2D Nanomaterials-Based Biosensor Abstract 18.1 Introduction 18.2 2D Nanomaterial Synthesis Strategies 18.3.1 Electrochemical Biosensors 18.3 Role of 2D Materials in Biosensor 18.3.2 Fluorescence Biosensors 18.3.3 Colorimetric Biosensor 18.3.4 Field-Effect Transistor Biosensor 18.3.5 Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) 18.4 Conclusions and Future Prospective 19. Transition Metal Dichalcogenide (TMD)-Based 2D Nanomaterials for Various Kinds of Rechargeable Batteries Abstract 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Synthesis of 2D-TMDCs 19.3 Applications of 2D-Transition Metal 19.3.1 Li-Ion Batteries (LIBs) 19.3.2 Sodium-Ion Batteries 19.3.3 Potassium Ion Batteries (PIBs) 19.3.4 Magnesium Ion Batteries (MIBs) 19.3.5 Zinc Ion Batteries (ZIBs) 19.3.6 Lithium Sulfur Batteries (LSBs) 19.3.7 Aluminum Ion Batteries (AIBs) 19.4 Conclusion References 20. Effect of 2D Nanomaterial Addition to Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine Abstract 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Performance Characteristics 20.3 Emission Characteristics 20.4 Conclusion References Index