A Basic Sketch Grammar of Gĩkũyũ

List of Tables List of Figures Orthography Glossing Abbreviations Acknowledgements Preface Robert Englebretson Chapter 1 Phonology Anaí Navarro 1.1 Consonants 1.1.1 Stops and Affricate 1.1.2 Nasals 1.1.3 Tap 1.1.4 Fricatives 1.1.5 Approximants 1.2 Vowels 1.2.1 Front Vowels 1.2.2 Back Vowels 1.2.3 Low Central Vowel 1.2.4 Diphthongs 1.2.5 Triphthongs 1.2.6 Vowel Length 1.3 Syllable Structure 1.4 Tone 1.5 Morphophonology 1.5.1 Dahl’s Law: Velar Stop and Fricative Alternation 1.5.2 Combining Vowels Across Morpheme Boundaries 1.5.3 Syllable Initial Approximant Formation 1.5.4 Avoiding Sequences of Three Vowels 1.5.4.1 Blocking Lengthening 1.5.4.2 Using the Palatal Approximant to Split Up Syllables 1.5.4.3 Postalveolar Fricative Epenthesis 1.5.5 Attaching Nasal Prefix N- 1.5.5.1 N + Fricatives 1.5.5.2 N + Voiceless Stops 1.5.5.3 N + r 1.5.5.4 N + Nasals 1.5.5.5 N + Vowels 1.5.5.6 Exceptions in NC9, NC10 Chapter 2 Nouns and Noun Phrases Jessica Li 2.1 Nominal Morphology 2.1.1 Noun Classes 2.1.1.1 Classes 1/2 2.1.1.2 Classes 3/4 2.1.1.3 Classes 5/6 2.1.1.4 Classes 7/8 2.1.1.5 Classes 9/10 2.1.1.6 Class 11 2.1.1.7 Classes 12/13 2.1.1.8 Class 14 2.1.1.9 Class 15 2.1.1.10 Classes 16/17 2.1.2 Semantics Of Gĩkũyũ Noun Classes 2.1.3 Singular/Plural Pairings 2.1.4 Noun-Noun Derivation 2.1.4.1 Diminution 2.1.4.2 Augmentation 2.2 Components Of The Noun Phrase 2.2.1 Pronouns 2.2.1.1 Personal Pronouns 2.2.1.2 Dependent Pronouns 2.2.1.3 Possessive Pronouns 2.2.1.4 Relative Pronouns 2.2.1.5 Demonstrative Pronouns 2.2.2 Adjectives 2.2.3 Demonstratives 2.2.4 Numerals 2.2.4.1 Cardinal Numerals 2.2.4.2 Ordinal Numerals 2.2.5 Quantifiers 2.2.6 Associative Construction 2.2.6.1 Possession 2.2.6.2 Location 2.2.6.3 Attributive Chapter 3 Verbs Jonas Wittke 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Prefixes 3.2.1 Focus Particle 3.2.2 Subject Concord Marker 3.2.2.1 Person 3.2.2.2 Noun Class 3.2.3 Negative 3.2.4 Tense 3.2.5 Tone 3.2.6 Object Concord Marker 3.2.7 Reflexive 3.3 Stem 3.3.1 Reduplication 3.4 Suffixes 3.4.1 Reciprocal 3.4.2 Intensive 3.4.3 Middle Voice 3.4.4 Reversive 3.4.5 Causative 3.4.6 Applicative 3.4.7 Aspect 3.4.7.1 Processual 3.4.7.2 Imperfective / Habitual 3.4.7.3 Perfect 3.4.7.4 Completive 3.4.7.5 Progressive 3.4.7.6 Sequential 3.4.8 Transitivizer 3.4.9 Passive 3.5 Final Vowel 3.6 Summary Chapter 4 Copular Clauses Jessica Li & Anaí Navarro 4.1 Copula 4.2 Predicate Nominals 4.3 Predicate Attributives 4.4 Locative Clauses 4.5 Possessive Clauses 4.6 Existential Clauses 4.7 Constructions with Koragwo 4.7.1 Predicate Nominals and Attributives with koragwo 4.7.2 Locative Clauses with Koragwo 4.7.3 Possessive Clauses with Koragwo 4.7.4 Existential Clauses with Koragwo Chapter 5 Grammatical Relations and Argument Structure Lisa Jeon 5.1 Grammatical Relations 5.1.1 Subjects 5.1.2 Transitive Objects 5.2 Ditransitive Clauses and Double Objects Lisa Jeon & Samantha Mauney 5.2.1 Ditransitive Clauses 5.2.2 Verbs with Two Object Slots 5.3 Obliques Lisa Jeon 5.4 Summary Chapter 6 Pragmatically-Marked Clause Types 6.1 Yes/No Questions Anaí Navarro 6.1.1 Asking Yes/No Questions 6.1.2 Tag Questions 6.1.3 Answering Yes/No Questions 6.2 Content Questions Jessica Li 6.2.1 ‘Who’ 6.2.2 ‘What’ 6.2.3 ‘When’ 6.2.4 ‘Where’ (Definite and Indefinite) 6.2.5 ‘Why’ 6.2.6 ‘How’ 6.2.7 ‘How Many’ 6.2.8 ‘Which’ 6.2.9 ‘Whose’ 6.3 Negation Samantha Mauney 6.4 Imperatives Samantha Mauney 6.5 Focus and Topicalization Constructions Robert Englebretson 6.5.1 Constituent Focus with nĩ 6.5.2 Topicalization Chapter 7 Clause Combining 7.1 Relative Clauses Robert Englebretson 7.1.1 Structure of the Relative Clause 7.1.2 Relative Pronouns 7.1.3 Relative Subject Concord 7.1.4 Negation of the Relative Clause Predicate 7.1.5 Relativization and the Accessibility Hierarchy 7.1.6 ‘Headless’ Relative Clauses 7.1.7 Pseudoclefts and Related Constructions 7.1.8 Summary 7.2 Object Complements Lisa Jeon 7.2.1 Finite Indicative (S-like) Complement Clauses 7.2.2 Less Finite Subjunctive Complements 7.2.3 Non-Finite Complements 7.2.4 CTPs and Their Complements 7.2.5 Summary 7.3 Adverbial Clauses and Converbs Samantha Mauney 7.3.1 Time 7.3.1.1 ‘Before’ 7.3.1.2 ‘After’ 7.3.1.3 Simultaneity 7.3.2 Location 7.3.3 Manner 7.3.4 Purpose/Reason 7.3.5 Concessive 7.3.6 Conditionals 7.3.7 Substitutive 7.3.8 Additive 7.3.9 Absolutive 7.3.10 Summary Chapter 8 Miscellaneous Constructions and Observations 8.1 Ideophones Robert Englebretson 8.2 Color Terms Jonas Wittke & Jessica LI 8.3 Personified Animals Lisa Jeon 8.3.1 Class 1 / 2 (Human) Agreement Marking 8.3.2 The wama- Prefix 8.4 Landscape Topography and Body Metaphors Jonas Wittke Appendices: Glossed Sample Texts Appendix A Picture-Book Narrative: “Frog Story” Class Appendix B Film-Viewing Narrative: “Pear Story” Jonas Wittke Appendix C Procedural Text: “Mataha” Anaí Navarro Appendix D Childhood Narrative #1: “Swing” Jessica Li Appendix E Childhood Narrative #2: “Christmas” Jessica Li Appendix F Diary Narrative: “Day” Lisa Jeon Appendix G Historical Narrative: “Mũgo wa Kĩbirũ” Samantha Mauney References