Acrodermatitis Enteropathica : A Clinician's Guide

This new text provides insight and treatment options for the covered disease, including dozens of high quality photographs, illustrations, and clinical tables. Topics covered include the history of the disease, categories of the disorder, molecular analysis, epidemiology, effects on body systems, disorder symptoms, and treatment. Acrodermatitis Enteropathica is a rare disorder of zinc metabolism that occurs in one of two forms: inborn and acquired. If untreated, the disease is fatal and affected individuals may die within just a few years, but since there is no cure for the condition, it is critical that physicians are aware of the signs and symptoms related to AE and the appropriate treatments available for patients. A Comprehensive Guide to Acrodermatitis Enteropathica is the only book of its kind to give insight into this rare disorder. Written by and for dermatologists, pediatric specialists, and ObGYN’s, this book contains one of the largest clinical research studies done on Acrodermatitis Enteropathica over the last decade.​ Preface 8 Acknowledgements 16 Contents 18 Contributors 22 Part I: Overview of Disorder 23 Chapter 1: History of Acrodermatitis Enteropathica 24 References 26 Chapter 2: Epidemiology and Etiology 27 2.1 Epidemiology 27 2.2 Etiology 28 2.2.1 Molecular Etiology of AE 28 2.2.2 Hypothetical Etiology 1: The Alteration of Zinc Bioavailability 29 2.2.3 Hypothetical Etiology 2: A Defective Zinc Transporter 33 2.2.4 Alternative Forms of AE-like Zinc Deficiencies 36 References 43 Chapter 3: Analysis of Disorder 49 3.1 Clinical Forms of AE 49 3.2 Nomenclature of Zinc Deficiencies 49 3.3 Acquired Non-hereditary Zinc Deficiency 50 3.3.1 Zinc Deficient Maternal Breast Milk 51 3.3.2 Zinc Deficiency Caused by Metabolism Disorders 54 References 55 Chapter 4: Clinical Symptoms 58 References 60 Chapter 5: Diagnosis 61 5.1 Laboratory Diagnosis of Zinc Deficiency 61 5.2 Histopathology 63 5.3 Biological Diagnosis of Acrodermatitis Enteropathica 63 5.4 Clinical Diagnosis 65 5.5 Molecular Diagnosis 66 5.6 Differential Diagnosis 66 References 69 Chapter 6: Disease Course and Treatment 72 6.1 Treatment 72 References 74 Part II: Review of the Roles of Zinc in Metabolism 75 Chapter 7: Role of Zinc in Different Body Systems 76 7.1 Biochemistry of Zinc Metabolism 78 7.2 Skin and Hair Physiology 79 7.3 Gastrointestinal System and Other Organs 80 7.4 Neurological Development, Growth, and Mental Status 81 7.5 Central Nervous System 81 7.6 Enzymes 82 7.7 Endocrine System 83 7.8 Nucleic Acids 83 7.9 Cell Development and Cell Cycles 83 7.10 Reproduction System 84 7.11 Fertility Control 85 7.12 Cell Membranes 86 7.13 Synthesis of Proteins and Collagen 86 7.14 Immune System 87 References 87 Part III: Cases Descriptions of Acrodermatitis Enteropathica 91 Chapter 8: History of Acrodermatitis Enteropathica in Adults 92 Reference 93 Chapter 9: Iranian Hospital Cases in Literature 94 9.1 Patient One [1] 94 9.2 Patient Two [1] 95 Reference 96 Chapter 10: Clinical Research Case Descriptions 97 10.1 Patient One 97 10.2 Patient Two 98 10.3 Patient Three 99 10.4 Patient Four 100 10.5 Patient Five 101 10.6 Patient Six 101 10.7 Patient Seven 102 10.8 Zinc Deficiency Similarities to AE in Infants (Eighth Patient) 103 Part IV: Acrodermatitis Enteropathica Clinical Research 104 Chapter 11: Acrodermatitis Enteropathica 105 11.1 Synopsis of Study 105 11.2 Purpose of Study 106 11.3 The Considered Hypotheses 107 11.4 Introduction 108 11.5 Methods 108 11.6 Ethical Considerations 109 11.7 Results 116 11.8 Discussion 120 Chapter 12: Case Photos 122 Index 164 1. History Of Acrodermatitis Enteropathica -- 2. Epidemiology And Etiology -- 2.1. Epidemiology -- 2.2. Etiology -- 2.2.1. Molecular Etiology Of Ae -- 2.2.2. Hypothetical Etiology 1: The Alteration Of Zinc Bioavailability -- 2.2.3. Hypothetical Etiology 2: A Defective Zinc Transporter -- 2.2.4. Alternative Forms Of Ae-like Zinc Deficiencies -- 3. Analysis Of Disorder -- 3.1. Clinical Forms Of Ae -- 3.2. Nomenclature Of Zinc Deficiencies -- 3.3. Acquired Non-hereditary Zinc Deficiency -- 3.3.1. Zinc Deficient Maternal Breast Milk -- 3.3.2. Zinc Deficient Caused By Metabolism Disorders -- 4. Clinical Symptoms -- 5. Diagnosis -- 5.1. Laboratory Diagnosis Of Zinc Deficiency -- 5.2. Histopathology -- 5.3. Biological Diagnosis Of Ae -- 5.4. Clinical Diagnosis -- 5.5. Molecular Diagnosis -- 5.6. Differential Diagnosis -- 6. Disease Course And Treatment -- 6.1. Treatment -- 7. The Role Of Zinc In Different Body Systems -- 7.1. Biochemistry Of Zinc Metabolism -- 7.2. Skin And Hair Physiology -- 7.3. Gastrointestinal System And Other Organs -- 7.4. Neurological Development, Growth, And Mental Status -- 7.5. Enzymes -- 7.6. Endocrine System -- 7.7. Metabolism Of Nucleic Acids -- 7.8. Mitosis And Meiosis Cycles -- 7.9. Cell Membranes -- 7.10. Synthesis Of Proteins And Collagen -- 7.11. Immune System -- 8. History Of Ae In Adults -- 9. Iranian Hospital Cases In Literature -- 9.1. Patient One -- 9.2. Patient Two -- 9.3. Patient Three -- 9.4. Patient Four -- 9.5. Zinc Deficiency Similarities To Ae In Infants (fifth Patient) -- 10. Clinical Research -- 10.1. Abstract -- 10.2. Synopsis Of Study -- 10.3. Purpose Of Study -- 10.4. The Considered Hypotheses -- 10.5. Introduction -- 10.5. Methods -- 10.6. Ethical Considerations -- 10.7. Results -- 10.8. Discussion -- 11. Evaluation Of Symptoms In Razi Dermatology Hospital -- 12. Case Photos. Pooya Khan Mohammad Beigi, Emanual Maverakis. Includes Bibliographical References And Index Mode Of Access: World Wide Web. Front Matter....Pages i-xxi Front Matter....Pages 1-1 History of Acrodermatitis Enteropathica....Pages 3-5 Epidemiology and Etiology....Pages 7-28 Analysis of Disorder....Pages 29-37 Clinical Symptoms....Pages 39-41 Diagnosis....Pages 43-53 Disease Course and Treatment....Pages 55-57 Front Matter....Pages 59-59 Role of Zinc in Different Body Systems....Pages 61-75 Front Matter....Pages 77-77 History of Acrodermatitis Enteropathica in Adults....Pages 79-80 Iranian Hospital Cases in Literature....Pages 81-83 Clinical Research Case Descriptions....Pages 85-91 Front Matter....Pages 93-93 Acrodermatitis Enteropathica....Pages 95-111 Case Photos....Pages 113-154 Back Matter....Pages 155-156