Acute Heart Failure

For many years, there has been vast investment into researching chronic congestive heart failure, while acute heart failure has been considered a difficult to handle and hopeless syndrome. However, in recent years acute heart failure has become a growing area of study. The latest trials and studies have generated a considerable amount of new data and many new concepts have been proposed looking at the epidemiology, diagnostic and treatment of acute heart failure. **Acute Heart Failure** informs cardiology, intensive care, and emergency medicine physicians on the diagnosis and management of severe acute heart failure from epidemiology through to diagnosis and treatment. This broad inclusive coverage ensures that the entire subject is covered in the necessary detail, providing information not only on the practical management but also the scientific basis behind the processes involved in acute heart failure. Because cardiologists and intensivists do not see the same patients and/or do not have the same background, this book represents a joint effort from internationally known cardiologists and intensivists to set up a single reference resource, appropriate for practice both in Europe and the US. Consequently, all involved in the treatment of these patients will benefit from the consistent approach to acute heart failure within this book. Front Matter....Pages i-xxvi Front Matter....Pages 1-1 Definitions of Acute Heart Failure Syndromes....Pages 5-6 Risk Stratification Models and Predictors of Mortality in Acute Heart Failure Syndromes, Based on United States Registries....Pages 7-12 Epidemiology and Management of Acute Heart Failure Syndromes in Europ....Pages 13-19 Epidemiology and Management of Acute Decompensating Heart Failure in the Asia-Pacific Region....Pages 20-29 Peculiarities of Acute Heart Failure Syndromes in Latin America and the Role of Chagas’ Disease....Pages 30-37 Normal Physiology and Pathophysiology of Left Ventricular Systole....Pages 43-51 Normal Physiology and Pathophysiology of Left Ventricular Diastole....Pages 52-62 Normal Physiology and Pathophysiology of the Right Ventricle....Pages 63-69 Myocardial Protection from Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury....Pages 70-86 Receptor Signaling Pathways in Heart Failure: Transgenic Mouse Models....Pages 89-111 Acute Heart Failure and Cardiac Remodeling....Pages 112-117 Reactive Oxygen Species in Heart Failure....Pages 118-123 Mitochondrion: Key Factors in Acute Heart Failure....Pages 124-133 Immune System Alterations in Acute Heart Failure....Pages 134-147 Organ Perfusion in Acute Heart Failure Syndromes....Pages 148-156 Dyspnea: How to Differentiate Between Acute Heart Failure Syndrome and Other Diseases....Pages 161-167 Acute Heart Failure in the Setting of Acute Coronary Syndromes....Pages 168-182 Acute Heart Failure and Myocarditis....Pages 183-199 Management of Severe Acute Heart Failure....Pages 200-206 Cardiogenic Shock....Pages 207-220 Front Matter....Pages 1-1 Arrhythmia in Acute Heart Failure....Pages 221-234 Right Ventricular Dysfunction in the Intensive Care Unit....Pages 237-246 Acute Pericardial Disease....Pages 247-254 Acute Pericardial Disease: Pericardiocentesis and Percutaneous Pericardiotomy....Pages 255-265 Severe Cardiac Disease in Pregnancy....Pages 269-290 Acute Heart Failure Syndromes and Endocrine Disorders....Pages 291-296 Acute Heart Failure Syndromes in β-Thalassemia....Pages 297-305 Acute Heart Failure and Systemic Diseases....Pages 306-322 Acute Heart Failure in the Postoperative Period....Pages 323-332 Myocardial Dysfunction in Sepsis and Septic Shock....Pages 333-347 Acute Heart Failure Syndromes and Drug Intoxication....Pages 348-358 Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders and Acute Heart Failure Syndrome....Pages 359-367 Acute Heart Failure Syndromes in the Elderly....Pages 371-377 Acute Heart Failure Syndromes in Neonatal and Pediatric Populations....Pages 378-386 Front Matter....Pages 387-387 Esophageal Doppler: Noninvasive Estimation of Stroke Volume....Pages 391-396 Minimally Invasive Cardiac Output Monitoring: Pulse Contour and Pulse Power Analysis....Pages 397-405 Oxygen Saturation Measurements in Acute Heart Failure Syndrome....Pages 406-410 Pulmonary Artery Catheter in the Intensive Care Unit....Pages 411-423 Assessment of Critically Ill Patients with Acute Heart Failure Syndromes Using Echocardiography Doppler....Pages 424-445 Portable Echocardiography and Acute Heart Failure Syndromes in the Emergency Room....Pages 446-450 Front Matter....Pages 387-387 Successful Analgesia and Sedation for Patients with Acute Heart Failure Syndromes....Pages 655-670 Coronary Angiography in Acute Heart Failure....Pages 451-454 Arterial Blood Gas Analysis in Acute Heart Failure Syndrome....Pages 455-467 B-Type Natriuretic Peptide Testing in the Emergency Room and Intensive Care Unit for the Patient with Acute Heart Failure....Pages 468-474 Noninvasive Ventilation and Acute Heart Failure Syndrome....Pages 477-485 Invasive Ventilation and Acute Heart Failure Syndrome....Pages 486-493 Chest X-Ray in Acute Heart Failure....Pages 494-499 Management of Volume Overload in Acute Heart Failure: Diuretics and Ultrafiltration....Pages 503-518 Role of Anemia in Acute and Chronic Heart Failure and the Role of Erythropoietin in Its Correction....Pages 519-527 Management of Chronic Heart Failure Therapy in the Setting of Acute Heart Failure....Pages 533-544 Nitrates in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure....Pages 545-550 Use of Nesiritide in the Management Algorithm of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure....Pages 551-563 Dobutamine in the Management of Acute Heart Failure Syndrome....Pages 567-576 Therapeutic Role of Dopamine in Acute Heart Failure Syndrome....Pages 577-582 Vasopressors in Acute Severe Heart Failure....Pages 583-592 Calcium Sensitizer Levosimendan and Its Use in Acute Heart Failure and Related Conditions....Pages 595-607 Natriuretic Peptides....Pages 608-620 Vasopressin Antagonists in Acute Heart Failure Syndromes....Pages 621-625 Endothelin Receptor Antagonists and Acute Heart Failure Syndromes....Pages 626-638 Antiplatelets and Anticoagulation in the Setting of Acute Heart Failure Syndrome....Pages 639-652 Front Matter....Pages 387-387 Role of the Pharmacist in the Management of Acute Heart Failure Syndrome....Pages 847-856 Role of Nursing in the Management of Acute Heart Failure Syndromes....Pages 857-866 Psychological Support in Acute Heart Failure Syndrome....Pages 867-875 Intraaortic Balloon Pump in the Management of Acute Heart Failure Syndromes....Pages 671-683 Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in Acute and Chronic Heart Failure Syndromes....Pages 684-691 Acute Heart Failure Treatment and Brain Protection....Pages 692-703 End-of-Life Care for Critically Ill Patients with Heart Failure: A Multidisciplinary Viewpoint from the Intensive Care Unit....Pages 704-715 Mechanical Devices to Improve Circulation During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation....Pages 809-818 Pharmacology in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation....Pages 819-826 Role of Automated External Defibrillators in Acute Heart Failure Patients....Pages 827-836 Post-Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Management in the Intensive Care Unit....Pages 837-843 Anesthesia for Patients with Acute Heart Failure Syndromes....Pages 719-729 Mechanical Circulatory Support for Management of Cardiogenic Shock Beyond Intraaortic Balloon Pump Support and Inotropes....Pages 730-736 Role of Left Ventricular Assist Devices in Acute Heart Failure Syndrome and the Future of the Replacement Heart....Pages 737-747 Kidney in Acute Heart Failure....Pages 751-762 Acute Hypoxic Hepatitis and Hepatic Consequences of Acute Heart Failure Syndrome....Pages 763-767 Lactate and Acute Heart Failure Syndrome....Pages 768-780 Glucose Disturbance and Acute Heart Failure Syndrome....Pages 781-785 Hyponatremia in the Setting of Acute Heart Failure Syndrome....Pages 786-796 Pulmonary Disease in the Setting of Acute Heart Failure Syndrome....Pages 797-806 Front Matter....Pages 387-387 Nutrition in Acute Decompensation of Patients with Acute Heart Failure Syndrome....Pages 876-882 Classification of the Level of Evidence in International Guidelines for Acute and Chronic Heart Failure....Pages 885-891 Drug Development for Acute Heart Failure Syndromes: European Regulatory View....Pages 892-898 Drug Approval Process for Acute Heart Failure Syndrome in the United States....Pages 899-908 Back Matter....Pages 909-931 For many years, there has been a great deal of work done on chronic congestive heart failure while acute heart failure has been considered a difficult to handle and hopeless syndrome. However, in recent years acute heart failure has become a growing area of study and this is the first book to cover extensively the diagnosis and management of this complex condition. The book reflects the considerable amounts of new data reported and many new concepts which have been proposed in the last 3-4 years looking at the epidemiology, diagnostic and treatment of acute heart failure.