Adult Development and Aging, 5th Edition

Written within a biopsychosocial framework, Cavanaugh and Blanchard-Fields' best-selling text covers the specific ages-stages of adult development and aging. In its unparalleled coverage of current research and theory, the authors draw clear connections between research and application. The book's focus on "positive aging" and the gains and losses people experience across adulthood distinguish it from its competitors. This edition features more real-world examples and new research trends. Front Cover......Page 1 Title Page......Page 4 Copyright......Page 5 Contents ......Page 8 CHAPTER 1 Studying Adult Development and Aging......Page 19 Perspectives on Adult Development and Aging......Page 21 The Life-Span Perspective......Page 22 The Demographics of Aging......Page 23 Issues in Studying Adult Development and Aging......Page 29 Interrelations among the Forces: Developmental Influences......Page 31 Culture and Ethnicity......Page 32 The Meaning of Age......Page 33 Controversies in Development......Page 35 CURRENT CONTROVERSIES: DOES PERSONALITY IN YOUNG ADULTHOOD DETERMINE PERSONALITY IN OLD AGE?......Page 36 Measurement in Adult Development and Aging Research......Page 37 General Designs for Research......Page 39 Designs for Studying Development......Page 40 Conducting Research Ethically......Page 44 HOW DO WE KNOW? CONFLICTS BETWEEN CROSS-SECTIONAL AND LONGITUDINAL DATA......Page 45 Summary......Page 47 Key Terms......Page 50 Resources......Page 52 CHAPTER 2 Physical Changes......Page 53 Cellular Theories......Page 55 DISCOVERING DEVELOPMENT: WHY DO MOST PEOPLE THINK WE AGE?......Page 56 Implications of the Developmental Forces......Page 57 Changes in Skin, Hair, and Voice......Page 58 Changes in Mobility......Page 60 Psychological Implications......Page 63 Vision......Page 65 Hearing......Page 67 Somesthesia and Balance......Page 69 Taste and Smell......Page 71 HOW DO WE KNOW? IMPROVING BALANCE THROUGH TAI CHI......Page 72 Cardiovascular System......Page 73 Respiratory System......Page 76 The Reproductive System......Page 77 Female Reproductive System......Page 78 CURRENT CONTROVERSIES: HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY......Page 79 Psychological Implications......Page 81 Central Nervous System......Page 82 Autonomic Nervous System......Page 85 Psychological Implications......Page 86 Social Policy Implications......Page 87 Summary......Page 88 Review Questions......Page 90 Key Terms......Page 91 Resources......Page 92 CHAPTER 3 Longevity, Health, and Functioning......Page 93 Average and Maximum Longevity......Page 95 DISCOVERING DEVELOPMENT: TAKE THE LONGEVITY TEST......Page 96 Genetic and Environmental Factors in Average Longevity......Page 97 Ethnic Differences in Average Longevity......Page 98 Gender Differences in Average Longevity......Page 99 Defining Health and Illness......Page 100 Quality of Life......Page 101 Changes in the Immune System......Page 102 Chronic and Acute Diseases......Page 104 The Role of Stress......Page 105 HOW DO WE KNOW? DEALING WITH STRESS IN KEY LIFE ROLES......Page 109 General Issues in Chronic Conditions......Page 110 Common Chronic Conditions......Page 111 Managing Pain......Page 117 Developmental Changes in How Medications Work......Page 119 Adherence to Medication Regimens......Page 120 A Model of Disability in Late Life......Page 122 Determining Functional Health Status......Page 124 What Causes Functional Limitations and Disability in Older Adults?......Page 125 Social Policy Implications......Page 127 Summary......Page 128 Review Questions......Page 130 Key Terms......Page 131 Resources......Page 132 CHAPTER 4 Clinical Assessment, Mental Health, and Mental Disorders......Page 133 Defining Mental Health and Psychopathology......Page 135 A Multidimensional Life-Span Approach to Psychopathology......Page 136 Ethnicity, Aging, and Mental Health......Page 137 Developmental Issues in Assessment and Therapy......Page 138 Areas of Multidimensional Assessment......Page 139 Factors Influencing Assessment......Page 140 Developmental Issues in Therapy......Page 141 The Big Three: Depression, Delirium, and Dementia......Page 142 Depression......Page 143 Delirium......Page 149 Dementia......Page 151 CURRENT CONTROVERSIES: GENETIC TESTS FOR DEMENTIA: DIFFICULT CHOICES......Page 158 HOW DO WE KNOW? WHAT'S MY NAME? MEMORY INTERVENTION IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE......Page 162 Anxiety Disorders......Page 164 Psychotic Disorders......Page 165 Substance Abuse......Page 167 Social Policy Implications......Page 168 Summary......Page 169 Key Terms......Page 171 Resources......Page 172 CHAPTER 5 Person-Environment Interactions and Optimal Aging......Page 173 Competence and Environmental Press......Page 175 The Congruence Model......Page 178 The Loss Continuum Concept......Page 179 Common Theoretical Themes and Everyday Competence......Page 180 Living In Long-Term Care Facilities......Page 181 Types of Long-Term Care Facilities......Page 182 Who Is Likely to Live in Nursing Homes?......Page 183 Characteristics of Nursing Homes......Page 184 Communicating with Residents......Page 187 HOW DO WE KNOW? HOW DO PEOPLE RESPOND TO PATRONIZING SPEECH?......Page 190 Decision-Making Capacity and Individual Choices......Page 191 New Directions for Nursing Homes......Page 192 A Framework for Maintaining and Enhancing Competence......Page 194 Health Promotion and Disease Prevention......Page 196 Lifestyle Factors......Page 198 Social Policy Implications......Page 200 Summary......Page 201 Key Terms......Page 203 Resources......Page 204 CHAPTER 6 Attention and Perceptual Processing......Page 205 The Information-Processing Model......Page 207 Sensory Memory......Page 208 Attention......Page 209 Selective Attention......Page 211 Divided Attention......Page 213 Sustained Attention......Page 214 Attentional Resources......Page 215 Speed of Processing......Page 217 Processing Speed......Page 218 What Causes Age-Related Slowing?......Page 219 CURRENT CONTROVERSIES: DECLINE IN PROCESSING SPEED: GENERAL SLOWING OR PROCESS-SPECIFIC SLOWING?......Page 220 Slowing Down How Much We Slow Down......Page 222 Driving and Accident Prevention......Page 223 Driving and Highway Safety as Information Processing......Page 224 HOW DO WE KNOW? EVALUATING THE DRIVING ABILITY OF OLDER ADULTS......Page 227 Home Safety and Accident Prevention......Page 228 Language Processing......Page 229 Language Comprehension and Sensory Systems......Page 230 Language Comprehension and Information Processing......Page 231 Summary......Page 233 Integrating Concepts in Development......Page 235 Resources......Page 236 CHAPTER 7 Memory......Page 237 Working Memory......Page 240 Long-Term Memory......Page 242 Remote Memory, or Autobiographical Memory......Page 245 Implicit Memory......Page 247 Sources of Age Differences in Memory......Page 248 Age Differences in Encoding versus Retrieval......Page 249 The Emerging Role of Automatic Retrieval......Page 251 Misinformation and Memory......Page 252 Memory for Discourse......Page 254 Text-Based Levels......Page 255 Situation Models......Page 256 HOW DO WE KNOW? THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL CONTEXT ON MEMORY PERFORMANCE......Page 257 Memory in Everyday Life......Page 258 Spatial Memory......Page 259 Memory for Pictures......Page 261 Self-Evaluations of Memory Abilities......Page 262 Age Differences in Metamemory......Page 263 The Role of Memory Self-Efficacy......Page 264 Age Differences in Memory Monitoring......Page 265 Clinical Issues and Memory Testing......Page 266 Memory and Mental Health......Page 267 Clinical Memory Tests......Page 268 Memory, Nutrition, and Drugs......Page 269 Training Memory Skills......Page 270 Individual Difference Variables in Memory Training......Page 274 Social Policy Implications......Page 275 Summary......Page 276 Review Questions......Page 278 Key Terms......Page 279 Resources......Page 280 CHAPTER 8 Intelligence......Page 281 Intelligence in Everyday Life......Page 283 The Big Picture: A Life-Span View......Page 284 Research Approaches to Intelligence......Page 286 Developmental Trends in Psychometric Intelligence......Page 287 The Measurement of Intelligence......Page 288 Age-Related Changes in Primary Abilities......Page 289 Secondary Mental Abilities......Page 291 Moderators of Intellectual Change......Page 294 CURRENT CONTROVERSIES: PROBLEMS IN DETECTING LIFESTYLE EFFECTS ON INTELLECTUAL FUNCTIONING......Page 298 Modifying Primary Abilities......Page 300 Piaget's Theory......Page 303 Going beyond Piaget: Postformal Thought......Page 306 Everyday Reasoning and Problem Solving......Page 312 Problem Solving......Page 313 Expertise......Page 316 HOW DO WE KNOW? THE ROLE OF EMOTIONALITY IN SOLVING REAL-LIFE PROBLEMS......Page 317 Wisdom......Page 319 Social Policy Implications......Page 322 Summary......Page 323 Review Questions......Page 324 Key Terms......Page 325 Resources......Page 326 CHAPTER 9 Social Cognition......Page 327 Social Judgment Processes......Page 329 Impression Formation......Page 330 Knowledge Accessibility and Social Judgments......Page 332 Social Knowledge Structures and Beliefs......Page 333 Understanding Age Differences in Social Beliefs......Page 334 Social Judgments and Causal Attributions......Page 336 Attributional Biases......Page 337 Motivation And Social Processing Goals......Page 339 Emotion as a Processing Goal......Page 340 Cognitive Style as a Processing Goal......Page 341 Content of Stereotypes......Page 342 Age Stereotypes and Perceived Competence......Page 344 Activation of Stereotypes......Page 345 Stereotype Threat......Page 347 CURRENT CONTROVERSIES: ARE STEREOTYPES OF AGING ASSOCIATED WITH LOWER COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE?......Page 348 Personal Control......Page 349 Control Strategies......Page 350 Some Criticisms Regarding Primary Control......Page 351 Collaborative Cognition......Page 352 Social Context and Memory......Page 353 Social Policy Implications......Page 354 Summary......Page 355 Review Questions......Page 356 Key Terms......Page 357 Resources......Page 358 CHAPTER 10 Personality......Page 359 Levels of Analysis and Personality Research......Page 361 Dispositional Traits Across Adulthood......Page 362 The Case for Stability: The Five-Factor Model......Page 363 Additional Studies of Dispositional Traits......Page 365 Critiques of the Five-Factor Model......Page 367 Conclusions about Dispositional Traits......Page 368 Personal Concerns and Qualitative Stages in Adulthood......Page 369 Jung's Theory......Page 370 Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development......Page 372 Loevinger's Theory......Page 377 Theories Based on Life Transitions......Page 379 Conclusions about Personal Concerns......Page 381 Life Narratives, Identity, and the Self......Page 382 McAdams's Life-Story Model......Page 383 Whitbourne's Identity Theory......Page 384 Self-Concept......Page 386 Possible Selves......Page 388 Religiosity and Spiritual Support......Page 390 HOW DO WE KNOW? VIEWS OF LIFE: WELL-BEING AND AGING......Page 391 Gender-Role Identity......Page 393 Social Policy Implications......Page 395 Summary......Page 396 Key Terms......Page 398 Resources......Page 399 CHAPTER 11 Relationships......Page 401 Friendships......Page 403 Love Relationships......Page 405 Violence in Relationships......Page 407 Lifestyles and Love Relationships......Page 411 Singlehood......Page 412 Cohabitation......Page 413 Gay Male and Lesbian Couples......Page 414 Marriage......Page 415 DISCOVERING DEVELOPMENT: WHAT KEEPS MARRIED COUPLES TOGETHER?......Page 418 Divorce and Remarriage......Page 420 Widowhood......Page 422 Family Dynamics and the Life Course......Page 423 Family Life Cycle and Intergenerational Relationships......Page 424 The Parental Role......Page 425 Becoming a Grandparent......Page 428 HOW DO WE KNOW? HOW DO YOU THINK YOUR CHILDREN TURNED OUT?......Page 429 Middle-Aged Adults Caring for Aging Parents......Page 434 Putting It All Together......Page 438 Summary......Page 439 Review Questions......Page 441 Key Terms......Page 442 Resources......Page 443 CHAPTER 12 Work, Leisure, and Retirement......Page 445 The Meaning of Work......Page 447 Occupational Choice......Page 449 Occupational Development......Page 451 Job Satisfaction......Page 455 HOW DO WE KNOW? PERIODICITY AND JOB SATISFACTION......Page 456 Gender Differences in Occupational Choice......Page 458 Women and Occupational Development......Page 459 Ethnicity and Occupational Development......Page 460 Bias and Discrimination......Page 461 Retraining Workers......Page 466 Occupational Insecurity and Job Loss......Page 467 Dual-Earner Couples......Page 468 The Dependent Care Dilemma......Page 469 Juggling Multiple Roles......Page 470 CURRENT CONTROVERSIES: DIVISION OF LABOR AND CONFLICT IN DUAL-EARNER COUPLES......Page 472 Types of Leisure Activities......Page 473 Consequences of Leisure Activities......Page 474 What Does Being Retired Mean?......Page 475 Why Do People Retire?......Page 476 DISCOVERING DEVELOPMENT: ARE YOU "RETIRED"?......Page 477 Planning for Retirement......Page 478 Adjustment to Retirement......Page 479 Interpersonal Ties......Page 480 Social Policy Implications......Page 482 Summary......Page 483 Review Questions......Page 485 Key Terms......Page 486 Resources......Page 487 CHAPTER 13 Dying and Bereavement......Page 489 Sociocultural Definitions of Death......Page 491 Legal and Medical Definitions......Page 493 Ethical Issues......Page 494 CURRENT CONTROVERSIES: DYING WITH DIGNITY AND ASSISTED SUICIDE......Page 495 Thinking About Death: Personal Aspects......Page 497 A Life Course Approach to Dying......Page 498 Dealing with One's Own Death......Page 499 Death Anxiety......Page 500 Creating a Final Scenario......Page 503 The Hospice Option......Page 504 A Life-Span View of Loss through Death......Page 506 Experiencing Grief......Page 508 Abnormal Grief Reactions......Page 511 Types of Loss and Grief......Page 512 HOW DO WE KNOW? FAMILY STRESS AND ADAPTATION BEFORE AND AFTER BEREAVEMENT......Page 513 Social Policy Implications......Page 516 Summary......Page 517 Key Terms......Page 519 Resources......Page 520 CHAPTER 14 Looking Ahead......Page 521 Demographic Trends and Social Policy......Page 523 Health Issues and Quality of Life......Page 524 Successful Aging......Page 525 Key Term......Page 527 Resources......Page 528 References......Page 530 Name Index......Page 588 Glossary/Subject Index......Page 600