Advanced Antenna Array Engineering for 6G and Beyond Wireless Communications

Advanced Antenna Array Engineering for 6G and Beyond Wireless Communications Reviews advances in the design and deployment of antenna arrays for future generations of wireless communication systems, offering new solutions for the telecommunications industry Advanced Antenna Array Engineering for 6G and Beyond Wireless Communications addresses the challenges in designing and deploying antennas and antenna arrays which deliver 6G and beyond performance with high energy efficiency and possess the capability of being immune to interference caused by different systems mounted on the same platforms. This timely and authoritative volume presents innovative solutions for developing integrated communications networks of high-gain, individually-scannable, multi-beam antennas that are reconfigurable and conformable to all platforms, thus enabling the evolving integrated land, air and space communications networks. The text begins with an up-to-date discussion of the engineering issues facing future wireless communications systems, followed by a detailed discussion of different beamforming networks for multi-beam antennas. Subsequent chapters address problems of 4G/5G antenna collocation, discuss differentially-fed antenna arrays, explore conformal transmit arrays for airborne platforms, and present latest results on fixed frequency beam scanning leaky wave antennas as well as various analogue beam synthesizing strategies. Based primarily on the authors’ extensive work in the field, including original research never before published, this important new volume: Reviews multi-beam feed networks, array decoupling and de-scattering methods Provides a systematic study on differentially fed antenna arrays that are resistant to interference caused by future multifunctional/multi-generation systems Features previously unpublished material on conformal transmit arrays based on Huygen’s metasufaces and reconfigurable leaky wave antennas Includes novel algorithms for synthesizing and optimizing thinned massive arrays, conformal arrays, frequency invariant arrays, and other future arrays Advanced Antenna Array Engineering for 6G and Beyond Wireless Communications is an invaluable resource for antenna engineers and researchers, as well as graduate and senior undergraduate students in the field. Cover Title Page Copyright Page Contents Chapter 1 A Perspective of Antennas for 5G and 6G 1.1 5G Requirements of Antenna Arrays 1.1.1 Array Characteristics 1.1.2 Frequency Bands 1.1.3 Component Integration and Antennas-in-Package (AiP) 1.2 6G and Its Antenna Requirements 1.3 From Digital to Hybrid Multiple Beamforming 1.3.1 Digital Beamforming 1.3.2 Hybrid Beamforming 1.4 Analog Multiple Beamforming 1.4.1 Butler Matrix 1.4.2 Luneburg Lenses 1.5 Millimeter-Wave Antennas 1.6 THz Antennas 1.7 Lens Antennas 1.8 SIMO and MIMO Multi-Beam Antennas 1.9 In-Band Full Duplex Antennas 1.10 Conclusions References Chapter 2 Millimeter-Wave Beamforming Networks 2.1 Circuit-Type BFNs: SIW-Based Butler and Nolen Matrixes 2.1.1 Butler Matrix for One-Dimensional Multi-Beam Arrays 2.1.2 Butler Matrix for a 1-D Multi-Beam Array with Low Sidelobes 2.1.3 Butler Matrix for 2-D Multi-Beam Arrays 2.1.4 Nolen Matrix 2.2 Quasi Optical BFNs: Rotman Lens and Reflectors 2.2.1 Rotman Lens 2.2.2 Reflectors 2.2.2.1 Single Reflectors 2.2.2.2 Dual Reflectors 2.3 Conclusions References Chapter 3 Decoupling Methods for Antenna Arrays 3.1 Electromagnetic Bandgap Structures 3.2 Defected Ground Structures 3.3 Neutralization Lines 3.4 Array-Antenna Decoupling Surfaces 3.5 Metamaterial Structures 3.6 Parasitic Resonators 3.7 Polarization Decoupling 3.8 Conclusions References Chapter 4 De-scattering Methods for Coexistent Antenna Arrays 4.1 De-scattering vs. Decoupling in Coexistent Antenna Arrays 4.2 Mantle Cloak De-scattering 4.3 Lumped-Choke De-scattering 4.4 Distributed-Choke De-scattering 4.5 Mitigating the Effect of HB Antennas on LB Antennas 4.6 Conclusions References Chapter 5 Differential-Fed Antenna Arrays 5.1 Differential Systems 5.2 Differential-Fed Antenna Elements 5.2.1 Linearly Polarized Differential Antennas 5.2.2 Circularly Polarized Differential Antennas 5.3 Differential-Fed Antenna Arrays 5.3.1 Balanced Power Dividers 5.3.2 Differential-Fed Antenna Arrays Employing Balanced Power Dividers 5.4 Differential-Fed Multi-Beam Antennas 5.5 Conclusion References Chapter 6 Conformal Transmitarrays 6.1 Conformal Transmitarray Challenges 6.1.1 Ultrathin Element with High Transmission Efficiency 6.1.2 Beam Scanning and Multi-Beam Operation 6.2 Conformal Transmitarrays Employing Triple-Layer Elements 6.2.1 Element Designs 6.2.2 Conformal Transmitarray Design 6.3 Beam Scanning Conformal Transmitarrays 6.3.1 Scanning Mechanism 6.3.2 Experimental Results 6.3.3 Limits of the Beam Scanning Range 6.4 Conformal Transmitarray Employing Ultrathin Dual-Layer Huygens Elements 6.4.1 Huygens Surface Theory 6.4.2 Ultrathin Dual-Layer Huygens Elements 6.4.3 Conformal Transmitarray Design 6.5 Elliptically Conformal Multi-Beam Transmitarray with Wide-Angle Scanning Ability 6.5.1 Multi-Beam Transmitarray Design 6.5.2 Concept Verification Through Simulation 6.6 Conclusions References Chapter 7 Frequency-Independent Beam Scanning Leaky-Wave Antennas 7.1 Reconfigurable Fabry–Pérot (FP) LWA 7.1.1 Analysis of 1-D Fabry–Pérot LWA 7.1.2 Effect of Cj on the Leaky-Mode Dispersion Curves 7.1.3 Optimization of the FP Cavity Height 7.1.4 Antenna Prototype and Measured Results 7.2 Period-Reconfigurable SIW-Based LWA 7.2.1 Antenna Configuration and Element Design 7.2.2 Suppression of Higher-Order Harmonics 7.2.3 Element Activation States and Scanning Properties 7.2.4 Results and Discussion 7.2.4.1 Element Pattern and Antenna Prototype 7.2.4.2 Radiation Patterns and S-Parameters 7.3 Reconfigurable Composite Right/Left-Handed LWA 7.3.1 Parametric Analysis 7.3.2 Initial Frequency-Scanning CRLH LWA 7.3.3 Reconfigurable Fixed-Frequency Scanning CRLH LWA 7.3.3.1 Antenna Configuration 7.3.3.2 DC Biasing Strategy 7.3.3.3 Simulation Results 7.3.3.4 Measured Results 7.3.3.5 Discussions 7.4 Two-Dimensional Multi-Beam LWA 7.4.1 Antenna Design 7.4.1.1 Horn BFN 7.4.1.2 Phase-Compensation Method 7.4.1.3 Phase Shifter Based on Phase Inverter 7.4.1.4 Fixed-Frequency Beam Scanning Leaky-Wave Antenna 7.4.2 Performance and Discussion 7.5 Conclusions References Chapter 8 Beam Pattern Synthesis of Analog Arrays 8.1 Thinned Antenna Arrays 8.1.1 Modified Iterative FFT 8.1.2 Examples of Thinned Arrays 8.2 Arrays with Rotated Elements 8.2.1 The Pattern of an Element-Rotated Array 8.2.2 Vectorial Shaped Pattern Synthesis Using Joint Rotation/Phase Optimization 8.2.3 The Algorithm 8.2.4 Examples of Pattern Synthesis Based on Element Rotation and Phase 8.2.4.1 Flat-Top Pattern Synthesis with a Rotated U-Slot Loaded Microstrip Antenna Array 8.2.4.2 Circular Flat-Top Pattern Synthesis for a Planar Array with Rotated Cavity-Backed Patch Antennas 8.3 Arrays with Tracking Abilities Employing Sum and Difference Patterns 8.3.1 Nonuniformly Spaced Dipole-Rotated Linear Array 8.3.2 PSO-Based Element Rotation and Position Optimization 8.3.3 Examples 8.3.3.1 Synthesis of a 56-Element Sparse Linear Dipole Array 8.3.3.2 Synthesizing Sum and Difference Patterns with Multi-Region SLL and XPL Constraints 8.4 Synthesis of SIMO Arrays 8.4.1 Analog Dual-Beam Antenna Arrays with Linear Phase Distribution 8.4.2 Phase-Only Optimization of Multi-Beam Arrays 8.4.3 The Algorithm 8.4.4 Simulation Examples 8.5 Conclusions References Index EULA Author Biographies -- Acknowledgements -- -- Chapter 1 A Perspective of Antennas for 5G and 6G -- 1.1 5G Requirements of Antenna Arrays -- 1.2 6G and Its Antenna Requirements -- 1.3 From Digital to Hybrid Multiple Beamforming -- 1.4 Analog Multiple Beamforming -- 1.5 Millimeter-Wave Antennas -- 1.6 THz Antennas -- 1.7 Lens Antennas -- 1.8 SIMO and MIMO Multi-beam Antennas -- 1.9 In-Band Full Duplex Antennas -- 1.10 Conclusions -- -- Chapter 2 Millimeter-Wave Beam Forming Networks -- 1. Circuit-Type BFNs: SIW Based Bulter and Nolen Matrixes -- 2. Quasi Optical BFNs: Rotman Lens and Reflectors -- 3. Conclusions -- -- Chapter 3 Decoupling Methods for Antenna Arrays -- 3.1. Electromagnetic Band-gap Structures -- 3.2. Defected Ground Structures -- 3.3 Neutralization Lines -- 3.4. Array-Antenna Decoupling Surfaces -- 3.5 Metamaterial Structures -- 3.6 Parasitic Resonators -- 3.7 Conclusions -- -- Chapter 4 De-scattering Methods for Coexistent Antenna Arrays -- 4.1 De-scattering vs Decoupling in Coexistent Antenna Arrays -- 4.2 Mantle Cloak De-Scattering -- 4.3 Lumped-Choke De-Scattering -- 4.4 Distributed-Choke De-Scattering -- 4.5 Mitigating the Effect of HB Antennas on LB Antennas -- 4.6 Conclusions -- -- Chapter 5 Differentially-fed Antenna Arrays -- 5.1 Differential Systems -- 5.2 Differential-fed Antenna Elements -- 5.3 Differential-fed Antenna Arrays -- 5.4 Differential-fed Multi-Beam Antennas -- 5.5 Conclusions -- -- Chapter 6 Conformal Transmitarrays -- 6.1 Conformal Transmitarrays Challenges -- 6.2 Conformal Transmitarrays Employing Triple-Layer Elements -- 6.3 Beam Scanning Conformal Transmitarrays -- 6.4 Conformal Transmitarray Employing Ultra-thin Dual-Layer Huygens Elements -- 6.5 Elliptically Conformal Multibeam Transmitarray with Wide-Angle Scanning Ability -- 6.6 Conclusions -- -- Chapter 7 Frequency Independent Beam Scanning Leaky Wave Antennas -- 7.1 Reconfigurable Fabry-Pérot (FP) LWA -- 7.2 Period-Reconfigurable SIW Based LWA -- 7.3 Reconfigurable Composite Right/Left-Handed LWA -- 7.4 Two Dimensional Multibeam Leaky Wave Antenna -- 7.5 Conclusions -- -- Chapter 8 Beam Pattern Synthesis of Analogue Arrays -- 8.1 Thinned Antenna Arrays -- 8.2 Arrays with Rotated Elements -- 8.3 Arrays with Tracking Abilities Employing Sum and Difference Patterns -- 8.4 Synthesis of SIMO Arrays 8.5 Conclusions **Advanced Antenna Array Engineering for 6G and Beyond Wireless Communications****Reviews advances in the design and deployment of antenna arrays for future generations of wireless communication systems, offering new solutions for the telecommunications industry** The text begins with an up-to-date discussion of the engineering issues facing future wireless communications systems, followed by a detailed discussion of different beamforming networks for multi-beam antennas. Subsequent chapters address problems of 4G/5G antenna collocation, discuss differentially-fed antenna arrays, explore conformal transmit arrays for airborne platforms, and present latest results on fixed frequency beam scanning leaky wave antennas as well as various analogue beam synthesizing strategies. Based primarily on the authors’ extensive work in the field, including original research never before published, this important new volume: __Advanced Antenna Array Engineering for 6G and Beyond Wireless Communications__ is an invaluable resource for antenna engineers and researchers, as well as graduate and senior undergraduate students in the field. "Whilst 5G standards are in solid shape, the telecommunications industry faces tremendous engineering challenges in designing and deploying antennas which will not only deliver the expected 5G performance, but also can be installed in collocation with 4G antennas. It is expected that analogue antenna arrays will play a major part in enabling the cost-effective roll-out of 5G networks. Moreover, it is expected many 6G antennas will be mounted on airborne and spaceborne platforms. The nature of such space, air, and terrestrial integrated communications networks poses new challenges and demands for antennas with characteristics such as high gain, individually scannable multi-beams, immunity to interference, reconfigurability, and conformability to all platforms."-- Provided by publisher