Age Factors in Biometric Processing (Security)

As biometric-based identification and identity authentication becomes increasingly widespread in their deployment, it becomes important to consider issues relating to reliability, usability and inclusion. Factors which are particularly important in this context are the relationship between the nature of the measurements extracted from a particular biometric modality, the age of the sample donor, and the effect which age has on physiological and behavioral characteristics invoked in a biometric transaction. Topics include: \* review of ageing and biometrics\* social factors in ageing and their relevance to biometrics\* using age to enhance performance in biometrics\* understanding ageing processes in key biometric modalities\* modality-related approaches to management of age factors\* industrial perspective on biometric age factors\* age prediction from biometrics data\* databases and analytical implications\* usability and ageing\* ageing effects and implications for biometric cryptosystems \* future challenges for systems delivery. __Age Factors in Biometric Processing__ provides an overview of this topic for the rapidly expanding community of stakeholders in biometrics-based identification solutions in academia, industry and government. Section 1 Introduction and basic issues 1 Ageing and biometrics: an introduction Michael Fairhurst 1.1 Introduction 1.2 A context for understanding ageing effects 1.3 Biometrics and ageing 1.4 Some practical implications for biometrics 1.5 Plan and structure of the book 2 Review of ageing with respect to biometrics and diverse modalities Andreas Lanitis, Nicolas Tsapatsoulis and Anastasios Maronidis 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Ageing databases 2.3 Biometric modalities and ageing 2.4 Conclusions, summary and future research directions 3 Biometrics and ageing: social and ethical considerations Andrew P. Rebera and Emilio Mordini 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The nature of the problem 3.3 Social and ethical factors 3.4 A sketch of an approach to ‘age-blind’ biometrics 4 Using age to enhance performance in biometrics Ma ́rjory Da Costa-Abreu and Michael Fairhurst 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Fusion of relevant information 4.3 A brief survey of the literature 4.4 Representation of age information 4.5 System design using age information 4.6 Experimental results and discussion 4.7 Conclusions Section 2 Modality-related approaches to management of age factors 5 Human face ageing: a perspective analysis from anthropometry and biometrics Karl Ricanek Jr., Gayathri Mahalingam, A. Midori Albert and Richard W. Vorder Bruegge 5.1 Introducing the face 5.2 Physical manifestations of facial ageing 5.3 Computerized modeling of physical manifestations of facial ageing: a survey 5.4 Conclusion 6 Ageing in biometrics: a case study in online signature Javier Galbally, Marcos Martinez-Diaz and Julian Fierrez 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Related works 6.3 The on-line signature long term database 6.4 Experimental protocol 6.5 Results 6.6 Conclusions 7 Ageing in iris biometrics Judith Liu-Jimenez and Raul Sanchez-Reillo 7.1 Anatomy of the eye 7.2 Iris biometric scheme 7.3 Iris ageing 7.4 Sensor 7.5 Quality measures 7.6 Pre-processing 7.7 Feature extractor and matching 7.8 Discussion and future work 8 Ageing effects in fingerprint biometrics Andreas Uhl and Peter Wild 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Related work in fingerprint ageing 8.3 System and setup 8.4 Ageing experiments 8.5 Conclusion 9 The impact of ageing on speech-based biometric systems Finnian Kelly and Naomi Harte 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Speech changes with age 9.3 Age in speaker verification 9.4 Speaker ageing data 9.5 Ageing speaker verification experiment 9.6 Effect of quality variation on speaker verification 9.7 Ageing-quality stacked classifier 9.8 Conclusions 10 An analysis of biometric performance change over time: a multimodal perspective Norman Poh, Josef Kittler, Chi-Ho Chan and Medha Pandit 10.1 Introduction 10.2 User-specific performance characterisation 10.3 Our framework: a homomorphic users grouping algorithm 10.4 Experiment setup 10.5 Results 10.6 Conclusions Section 3 Applications and implications for practical applications 11 An industrial perspective on biometric age factors Alastair Partington 11.1 Industrial implications of biometric ageing – a risk-based view 11.2 Biometric ageing – does it matter? 11.3 Industry: at the starting line for biometric ageing 11.4 Factors exacerbating age-related biometric matching inaccuracies in industrial systems 11.5 A low-impact scenario: student identification 11.6 A moderate-impact scenario: ePassport gates 11.7 A high-impact scenario: anticipated use of India’s Unique ID scheme ‘Aadhaar’ 11.8 Possible mitigations to age-related biometric matching inaccuracies in industrial systems 11.9 Closing thoughts 12 Fingerprints and human inspection: a forensics perspective Clive Reedman 12.1 Introduction 12.2 A brief history of modern human identification methodologies 12.3 Physiology of fingerprints 12.4 Physiological effects of ageing on fingerprints 12.5 Ageing effects across the fingerprint matching modalities 12.6 Issues surrounding the study of fingerprint ageing 12.7 Conclusions 13 Age prediction in face images Guodong Guo 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Face representation 13.3 Ageing function 13.4 Age group classification 13.5 Databases 13.6 Evaluation 13.7 Research trends and challenges 13.8 Concluding remarks 14 Short- and long-time ageing effects in face recognition Massimo Tistarelli, Daksha Yadav, Mayank Vatsa and Richa Singh 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Analysis of short-time ageing effects 14.3 Analysis of long-time ageing effects 14.4 A novel face database to analyze long-time ageing effects 14.5 Experimental validation and data statistics 14.6 Discussion and conclusion Section 4 Future trends and research challenges 15 Analysis of ageing effects in biometric systems: difficulties and limitations Meryem Erbilek and Michael Fairhurst 15.1 Introduction to physical ageing effects in biometric systems 15.2 Limitations in the analysis of physical ageing effects in biometric systems 15.3 Experimental infrastructure 15.4 Investigating ageing issues 15.5 Database issues and biometric data quality 15.6 Database issues and biometric features 15.7 Conclusions 16 Usable biometrics for an ageing population M. Angela Sasse and Kat Krol 16.1 Introduction 16.2 What is usability? 16.3 The impact of cognitive ageing on the use of technology 16.4 Opportunities for biometrics 16.5 Conclusions 17 Ageing effects and implications for biometric template protection Christian Rathgeb, Andreas Uhl and Christoph Busch 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Biometric template protection 17.3 Age factors and template protection 17.4 Effects on iris biometric cryptosystems: a case study 17.5 Discussion 17.6 Conclusion 18 Future challenges for systems delivery using ageing tolerant biometrics Peter Hawkes 18.1 Introduction 18.2 The main challenges 18.3 Why is it timely to plan for use of robust biometric authentication on a much wider scale than now? 18.4 Choice of biometric sub-systems 18.5 Guiding principles 18.6 Scope for the independent IMS provider to operate a profitable business – the business case 18.7 The role of the smart phone as a biometric token 18.8 Applications requiring enablement by biometrics – a proposed taxonomy 18.9 Conclusions La 4ème de couverture indique : " As biometrics-based identification and identity authentication become increasingly widespread in their deployment, it becomes correspondingly important to consider more carefully issues relating to reliability, usability and inclusion. One factor which is particularly important in this context is that of the relationship between the nature of the measurements extracted from a particular biometric modality and the age of the sample donor, and the effect which age has on physiological and behavioural characteristics invoked in a biometric transaction. In Age Factors in Biometric Processing an international panel of experts explore the implications of ageing on biometric technologies, and how such factors can be managed in practical situations. Topics include understanding the impact of ageing on biometric measurements; age factors as barriersopportunities in relation to performance; modality-related approaches to management of age factors; implications for practical application; and future trends and research challenges. Age Factors in Biometric Processing provides an outstanding overview of this topic for the rapidly expanding community of stakeholders in biometricsbased identification solutions in academia, industry and government."

As biometrics-based identification and identity authentication become increasingly widespread in their deployment, it becomes correspondingly important to consider more carefully issues relating to reliability, usability and inclusion. One factor which is particularly important in this context is that of the relationship between the nature of the measurements extracted from a particular biometric modality and the age of the sample donor, and the effect which age has on physiological and behavioural characteristics invoked in a biometric transaction.

In Age Factors in Biometric Processing an international panel of experts explore the implications of ageing on biometric technologies, and how such factors can be managed in practical situations. Topics include understanding the impact of ageing on biometric measurements; age factors as barriers/opportunities in relation to performance; modality-related approaches to management of age factors; implications for practical application; and future trends and research challenges.

Age Factors in Biometric Processing provides an outstanding overview of this topic for the rapidly expanding community of stakeholders in biometrics based identification solutions in academia, industry and government.