Algebra & Trigonometry

Contents......Page 9 Preface......Page 17 About The Authors......Page 21 Ch 1: Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering......Page 24 Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 25 1-1: What is Materials Science and Engineering?......Page 26 1-2: Classification of Materials......Page 29 1-3: Functional Classification of Materials......Page 32 1-5: Environmental and Other Effects......Page 34 1-6: Materials Design and Selection......Page 36 Summary......Page 37 Glossary......Page 38 Problems......Page 39 Ch 2: Atomic Structure......Page 42 Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 43 2-1: The Structure of Materials: Technological Relevance......Page 44 2-2: The Structure of the Atom......Page 47 2-3: The Electronic Structure of the Atom......Page 48 2-4: The Periodic Table......Page 51 2-5: Atomic Bonding......Page 53 2-6: Binding Energy and Interatomic Spacing......Page 59 2-7: The Many Forms of Carbon: Relationships between Arrangements of Atoms and Materials Properties......Page 62 Summary......Page 66 Glossary......Page 67 Problems......Page 69 Ch 3: Atomic and Ionic Arrangements......Page 72 Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 73 3-1: Short-Range Order versus Long-Range Order......Page 74 3-3: Lattice, Basis, Unit Cells, and Crystal Structures......Page 76 3-4: Allotropic or Polymorphic Transformations......Page 88 3-5: Points, Directions, and Planes in the Unit Cell......Page 89 3-6: Interstitial Sites......Page 98 3-7: Crystal Structures of Ionic Materials......Page 100 3-8: Covalent Structures......Page 106 3-9: Diffraction Techniques for Crystal Structure Analysis......Page 109 Summary......Page 113 Glossary......Page 114 Problems......Page 116 Ch 4: Imperfections in the Atomic and Ionic Arrangements......Page 124 Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 125 4-1: Point Defects......Page 126 4-2: Other Point Defects......Page 131 4-3: Dislocations......Page 133 4-4: Significance of Dislocations......Page 139 4-5: Schmid's Law......Page 140 4-6: Influence of Crystal Structure......Page 142 4-7: Surface Defects......Page 144 4-8: Importance of Defects......Page 150 Glossary......Page 153 Problems......Page 155 Ch 5: Atom and Ion Movements in Materials......Page 162 Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 163 5-1: Applications of Diffusion......Page 164 5-2: Stability of Atoms and Ions......Page 167 5-3: Mechanisms for Diffusion......Page 169 5-4: Activation Energy for Diffusion......Page 170 5-5: Rate of Diffusion [Fick's First Law]......Page 171 5-6: Factors Affecting Diffusion......Page 175 5-7: Permeability of Polymers......Page 181 5-8: Composition Profile [Fick's Second Law]......Page 182 5-9: Diffusion and Materials Processing......Page 187 Summary......Page 191 Glossary......Page 192 Problems......Page 194 Ch 6: Mechanical Properties: Part One......Page 202 Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 203 6-1: Technological Significance......Page 204 6-2: Terminology for Mechanical Properties......Page 205 6-3: The Tensile Test: Use of the Stress Strain Diagram......Page 207 6-4: Properties Obtained from the Tensile Test......Page 212 6-5: True Stress and True Strain......Page 219 6-6: The Bend Test for Brittle Materials......Page 221 6-7: Hardness of Materials......Page 224 6-8: Nanoindentation......Page 225 6-9: Strain Rate Effects and Impact Behavior......Page 229 6-10: Properties Obtained from the Impact Test......Page 230 6-11: Bulk Metallic Glasses and Their Mechanical Behavior......Page 232 6-12: Mechanical Behavior at Small Length Scales......Page 235 6-13: Rheology of Liquids......Page 237 Summary......Page 239 Glossary......Page 240 Problems......Page 242 Ch 7: Mechanical Properties: Part Two......Page 250 Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 251 7-1: Fracture Mechanics......Page 252 7-2: The Importance of Fracture Mechanics......Page 255 7-3: Microstructural Features of Fracture in Metallic Materials......Page 258 7-4: Microstructural Features of Fracture in Ceramics, Glasses, and Composites......Page 261 7-5: Weibull Statistics for Failure Strength Analysis......Page 263 7-6: Fatigue......Page 267 7-7: Results of the Fatigue Test......Page 269 7-8: Application of Fatigue Testing......Page 271 7-9: Creep, Stress Rupture, and Stress Corrosion......Page 274 7-10: Evaluation of Creep Behavior......Page 276 7-11: Use of Creep Data......Page 278 Summary......Page 279 Glossary......Page 280 Problems......Page 281 Ch 8: Strain Hardening and Annealing......Page 290 Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 291 8-1: Relationship of Cold Working to the Stress Strain Curve......Page 292 8-2: Strain-Hardening Mechanisms......Page 296 8-3: Properties versus Percent Cold Work......Page 298 8-4: Microstructure, Texture Strengthening, and Residual Stresses......Page 300 8-5: Characteristics of Cold Working......Page 304 8-6: The Three Stages of Annealing......Page 307 8-7: Control of Annealing......Page 309 8-8: Annealing and Materials Processing......Page 311 8-9: Hot Working......Page 313 Summary......Page 314 Glossary......Page 315 Problems......Page 317 Ch 9: Principles of Solidification......Page 326 Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 327 9-1: Technological Significance......Page 328 9-2: Nucleation......Page 329 9-3: Applications of Controlled Nucleation......Page 333 9-4: Growth Mechanisms......Page 334 9-5: Solidification Time and Dendrite Size......Page 336 9-6: Cooling Curves......Page 340 9-7: Cast Structure......Page 341 9-8: Solidification Defects......Page 343 9-9: Casting Processes for Manufacturing Components......Page 347 9-10: Continuous Casting and Ingot Casting......Page 349 9-11: Directional Solidification [DS], Single Crystal Growth, and Epitaxial Growth......Page 353 9-12: Solidification of Polymers and Inorganic Glasses......Page 354 9-13: Joining of Metallic Materials......Page 355 Summary......Page 357 Glossary......Page 358 Problems......Page 360 Ch 10: Solid Solutions and Phase Equilibrium......Page 370 Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 371 10-1: Phases and the Phase Diagram......Page 372 10-2: Solubility and Solid Solutions......Page 375 10-3: Conditions for Unlimited Solid Solubility......Page 378 10-4: Solid-Solution Strengthening......Page 379 10-5: Isomorphous Phase Diagrams......Page 381 10-6: Relationship between Properties and the Phase Diagram......Page 389 10-7: Solidification of a Solid-Solution Alloy......Page 390 10-8: Nonequilibrium Solidification and Segregation......Page 392 Summary......Page 395 Glossary......Page 396 Problems......Page 398 Ch 11: Dispersion Strengthening and Eutectic Phase Diagrams......Page 406 Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 407 11-1: Principles and Examples of Dispersion Strengthening......Page 408 11-2: Intermetallic Compounds......Page 409 11-3: Phase Diagrams Containing Three-Phase Reactions......Page 411 11-4: The Eutectic Phase Diagram......Page 413 11-5: Strength of Eutectic Alloys......Page 423 11-6: Eutectics and Materials Processing......Page 428 11-7: Nonequilibrium Freezing in the Eutectic System......Page 429 11-8: Nanowires and the Eutectic Phase Diagram......Page 430 Summary......Page 432 Glossary......Page 433 Problems......Page 434 Ch 12: Dispersion Strengthening by Phase Transformations and Heat Treatment......Page 442 Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 443 12-1: Nucleation and Growth in Solid-State Reactions......Page 444 12-2: Alloys Strengthened by Exceeding the Solubility Limit......Page 448 12-3: Age or Precipitation Hardening and Its Applications......Page 450 12-4: Microstructural Evolution in Age or Precipitation Hardening......Page 451 12-5: Effects of Aging Temperature and Time......Page 454 12-7: Use of Age-Hardenable Alloys at High Temperatures......Page 455 12-8: The Eutectoid Reaction......Page 456 12-9: Controlling the Eutectoid Reaction......Page 460 12-10: The Martensitic Reaction and Tempering......Page 465 12-11: The Shape-Memory Alloys [SMAs]......Page 469 Summary......Page 470 Glossary......Page 471 Problems......Page 472 Ch 13: Heat Treatment of Steels and Cast Irons......Page 482 Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 483 13-1: Designations and Classification of Steels......Page 484 13-2: Simple Heat Treatments......Page 487 13-3: Isothermal Heat Treatments......Page 490 13-4: Quench and Temper Heat Treatments......Page 493 13-5: Effect of Alloying Elements......Page 497 13-6: Application of Hardenability......Page 499 13-7: Specialty Steels......Page 502 13-8: Surface Treatments......Page 504 13-9: Weldability of Steel......Page 506 13-10: Stainless Steels......Page 507 13-11: Cast Irons......Page 510 Summary......Page 515 Glossary......Page 516 Problems......Page 518 Ch 14: Nonferrous Alloys......Page 524 Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 525 14-1: Aluminum Alloys......Page 526 14-2: Magnesium and Beryllium Alloys......Page 532 14-3: Copper Alloys......Page 533 14-4: Nickel and Cobalt Alloys......Page 537 14-5: Titanium Alloys......Page 540 14-6: Refractory and Precious Metals......Page 546 Glossary......Page 547 Problems......Page 548 Ch 15: Ceramics......Page 552 Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 553 15-1: Bonding in Ceramics......Page 555 15-2: Structures of Crystalline Ceramics......Page 557 15-3: Defects in Crystalline Ceramics......Page 560 15-4: Flaws in Ceramics......Page 563 15-5: Synthesis and Processing of Crystalline Ceramics......Page 566 15-6: Silica and Silicate Compounds......Page 571 15-7: Inorganic Glasses......Page 573 15-8: Glass-Ceramics......Page 579 15-9: Processing and Applications of Clay Products......Page 580 15-10: Refractories......Page 582 15-11: Other Ceramic Materials......Page 584 Glossary......Page 586 Problems......Page 588 Ch 16: Polymers......Page 592 Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 593 16-1: Classification of Polymers......Page 594 16-2: Addition and Condensation Polymerization......Page 597 16-3: Degree of Polymerization......Page 601 16-4: Typical Thermoplastics......Page 603 16-5: Structure-Property Relationships in Thermoplastics......Page 605 16-6: Effect of Temperature on Thermoplastics......Page 609 16-7: Mechanical Properties of Thermoplastics......Page 615 16-8: Elastomers [Rubbers]......Page 620 16-9: Thermosetting Polymers......Page 624 16-10: Adhesives......Page 626 16-11: Polymer Processing and Recycling......Page 627 Glossary......Page 632 Problems......Page 634 Ch 17: Composites: Teamwork and Synergy in Materials......Page 638 Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 639 17-1: Dispersion-Strengthened Composites......Page 641 17-2: Particulate Composites......Page 643 17-3: Fiber-Reinforced Composites......Page 647 17-4: Characteristics of Fiber-Reinforced Composites......Page 651 17-5: Manufacturing Fibers and Composites......Page 658 17-6: Fiber-Reinforced Systems and Applications......Page 662 17-7: Laminar Composite Materials......Page 668 17-8: Examples and Applications of Laminar Composites......Page 669 17-9: Sandwich Structures......Page 670 Glossary......Page 672 Problems......Page 673 Ch 18: Construction Materials......Page 680 Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 681 18-1: The Structure of Wood......Page 682 18-2: Moisture Content and Density of Wood......Page 684 18-3: Mechanical Properties of Wood......Page 686 18-5: Plywood......Page 688 18-6: Concrete Materials......Page 689 18-7: Properties of Concrete......Page 691 18-8: Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete......Page 695 Summary......Page 696 Problems......Page 697 Ch 19: Electronic Materials......Page 700 Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 701 19-1: Ohm's Law and Electrical Conductivity......Page 703 19-2: Band Structure of Solids......Page 707 19-3: Conductivity of Metals and Alloys......Page 711 19-4: Semiconductors......Page 714 19-5: Applications of Semiconductors......Page 721 19-6: General Overview of Integrated Circuit Processing......Page 724 19-7: Deposition of Thin Films......Page 727 19-8: Conductivity in Other Materials......Page 728 19-10: Polarization in Dielectrics......Page 730 19-11: Electrostriction, Piezoelectricity, and Ferroelectricity......Page 734 Summary......Page 737 Glossary......Page 738 Problems......Page 739 Ch 20: Magnetic Materials......Page 744 Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 745 20-2: Magnetic Dipoles and Magnetic Moments......Page 746 20-3: Magnetization, Permeability, and the Magnetic Field......Page 748 20-4: Diamagnetic, Paramagnetic, Ferromagnetic, Ferrimagnetic, and Superparamagnetic Materials......Page 751 20-5: Domain Structure and the Hysteresis Loop......Page 753 20-6: The Curie Temperature......Page 756 20-7: Applications of Magnetic Materials......Page 757 20-8: Metallic and Ceramic Magnetic Materials......Page 763 Summary......Page 768 Glossary......Page 769 Problems......Page 770 Ch 21: Photonic Materials......Page 774 Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 775 21-2: Refraction, Reflection, Absorption, and Transmission......Page 776 21-4: Examples and Use of Emission Phenomena......Page 788 Glossary......Page 797 Problems......Page 798 Ch 22: Thermal Properties of Materials......Page 802 Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 803 22-1: Heat Capacity and Specific Heat......Page 804 22-2: Thermal Expansion......Page 806 22-3: Thermal Conductivity......Page 810 22-4: Thermal Shock......Page 814 Summary......Page 815 Problems......Page 816 Ch 23: Corrosion and Wear......Page 820 Chapter Learning Objectives......Page 821 23-1: Chemical Corrosion......Page 822 23-2: Electrochemical Corrosion......Page 824 23-3: The Electrode Potential in Electrochemical Cells......Page 827 23-4: The Corrosion Current and Polarization......Page 831 23-5: Types of Electrochemical Corrosion......Page 832 23-6: Protection against Electrochemical Corrosion......Page 837 23-7: Microbial Degradation and Biodegradable Polymers......Page 842 23-8: Oxidation and Other Gas Reactions......Page 843 23-9: Wear and Erosion......Page 846 Summary......Page 848 Glossary......Page 849 Problems......Page 850 Appendix A: Selected Physical Properties of Metals......Page 854 Appendix B: The Atomic and Ionic Radii of Selected Elements......Page 857 Answers to Selected Problems......Page 859 Index......Page 870 The seventh edition of this text contains over 200 new homework problems and more than 50 new photos. It provides an understanding of the relationship between structure, processing, and properties of materials