Analyzing moral issues

Analyzing Moral Issues presents a variety of timely and interesting moral issues through lively introductions and primary source selections. This text, with readings, covers a broad range of ethical perspectives, among them virtue ethics (Aristotelian and Confucian), Buddhist and feminist care ethics, and the Rawlsian and communitarian approaches. The sixth edition includes coverage of the latest current events like the Occupy Wall Street movement, the assassination of Osama bin Laden, anti-war protests at the funerals of fallen soldiers, the Great Recession and more. Cover Page......Page 1 Title Page......Page 2 Copyright Page......Page 3 Table of Content......Page 4 Preface......Page 12 CHAPTER 1 Moral Theory......Page 16 What Is the Purpose of Moral Theories?......Page 17 The Types of Moral Theories......Page 19 Relativism in Ethics......Page 20 Moving Beyond Ethical Relativism......Page 27 Morality and Religion......Page 31 Ethical Egoism......Page 34 Utilitarianism......Page 37 Deontology: The Ethics of Duty......Page 42 Rights-Based Ethics......Page 48 Virtue Ethics......Page 53 Conclusion......Page 58 Aristotle, from Nicomachean Ethics......Page 59 Ayn Rand, from The Fountainhead......Page 64 Jeremy Bentham, from An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation......Page 66 John Stuart Mill, from Utilitarianism......Page 68 Immanuel Kant, from Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Ethics......Page 71 John Rawls, from A Theory of Justice......Page 75 John Locke, from Two Treatises of Civil Government......Page 79 Nel Noddings, from Caring: A Feminine Approach to Ethics and Moral Education......Page 81 Confucius, from The Analects......Page 84 Thich Nhat Hanh, “The Five Mindfulness Trainings”......Page 87 Background......Page 90 The History of Abortion in the United States......Page 91 The U.S. Supreme Court Roe v. Wade Decision......Page 92 Methods of Abortion......Page 95 The Moral Issues......Page 97 Conclusion......Page 101 Judith Jarvis Thomson, “A Defense of Abortion”......Page 102 John T. Noonan Jr., “An Almost Absolute Value in History”......Page 113 Mary Anne Warren, “The Moral Significance of Birth”......Page 118 Don Marquis, “Why Abortion Is Immoral”......Page 124 Serrin M. Foster, “Refuse to Choose: Women Deserve Better Than Abortion”......Page 129 Case Studies......Page 133 The History of Genetic Engineering......Page 138 Genetic Engineering......Page 139 Cloning......Page 141 The Moral Issues......Page 143 Julian Savulescu, “Genetic Interventions and the Ethics of Enhancement of Human Beings”......Page 151 Yin Ren, “Designer Babies: The Pros and Cons of Genetic Engineering”......Page 158 Judith A. Johnson and Erin D. Williams, “Human Cloning: Ethical and Social Issues”......Page 162 Leon Kass, “The Wisdom of Repugnance: Why We Should Ban the Cloning of Humans”......Page 169 Chester S. Chuang and Denys T. Lau, “The Pros and Cons of Gene Patents”......Page 177 James R. Langevin, “Statement in Support of H.R. 810, the Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act”......Page 180 Case Studies......Page 181 What Is Euthanasia?......Page 187 The Philosophers on Euthanasia......Page 188 The Contemporary Debate over Euthanasia......Page 190 Euthanasia Legislation......Page 191 Physician-Assisted Suicide......Page 192 The Hospice Movement......Page 194 The Moral Issues......Page 195 Conclusion......Page 199 James Rachels, “Active and Passive Euthanasia”......Page 200 Margaret Pabst Battin, “The Case for Euthanasia”......Page 205 J. Gay - Williams, “The Wrongfulness of Euthanasia”......Page 213 John Hardwig, “Is There a Duty to Die?”......Page 217 Susan M. Wolf, “A Feminist Critique of Physician-Assisted Suicide”......Page 224 Case Studies......Page 231 The Death Penalty Today......Page 237 The Medicalization of Executions......Page 241 The Philosophers on the Death Penalty......Page 242 The Moral Issues......Page 244 Conclusion......Page 248 Ernest van den Haag, “The Ultimate Punishment: A Defense of Capital Punishment”......Page 249 Christopher W. Morris, “Punishment and Loss of Moral Standing”......Page 254 Hugo Adam Bedau, “Capital Punishment”......Page 260 Jeffrey Reiman, “Why the Death Penalty Should Be Abolished in the United States”......Page 270 Helen Prejean, “Would Jesus Pull the Switch?”......Page 276 Case Studies......Page 281 What Is a Drug?......Page 287 The History of Drug and Alcohol Use......Page 288 Legal and Illegal Drugs......Page 289 Drug and Alcohol Use Today......Page 290 Drug and Alcohol Use Among College Students......Page 292 Drugs in Sports......Page 293 The Disease Model of Addiction......Page 294 The Philosophers on Drug and Alcohol Abuse......Page 295 The Moral Issues......Page 296 Conclusion......Page 298 Thomas Szasz, “The Ethics of Addiction”......Page 299 James Q. Wilson, “Against the Legalization of Drugs”......Page 307 Douglas N. Husak, “A Moral Right to Use Drugs”......Page 316 Laura Dean - Mooney and John McCardell, “Two Takes on the 21 Drinking Age”......Page 323 Thomas H. Murray, “Drugs, Sports, and Ethics”......Page 326 Case Studies......Page 332 Religious and Cultural Attitudes Toward Sexuality and Marriage......Page 339 Sexual Intimacy and Love......Page 340 Marriage......Page 341 Homosexuality and Same-Sex Marriages......Page 342 Cohabitation and Premarital Sex......Page 343 The Philosophers on Sexuality and Marriage......Page 344 Sex and Violence......Page 345 Prostitution and the Sex Trade......Page 346 The Moral Issues......Page 347 Conclusion......Page 349 The Vatican, “Declaration on Sexual Ethics”......Page 350 Sara Ruddick, “Better Sex”......Page 354 Michael Ruse, “Is Homosexuality Bad Sexuality?”......Page 362 Margaret H. Marshall and Robert J. Cordy, Goodridge v. Department of Public Health (2003)......Page 369 Richard Wasserstrom, “Is Adultery Immoral?”......Page 378 Case Studies......Page 385 Feminism......Page 391 The Philosophers on Women......Page 395 Motherhood......Page 396 Women in the Workplace......Page 398 Sexual Harassment......Page 400 The Moral Issues......Page 401 Conclusion......Page 402 Ruth Groenhout, “Essentialist Challenges to Liberal Feminism”......Page 403 Linda Hirshman, “Homeward Bound”......Page 412 Gloria Steinem, “Women Are Never Front-Runners”......Page 418 Steven Goldberg, “The Logic of Patriarchy”......Page 420 Katie Roiphe, “Reckless Eyeballing: Sexual Harassment on Campus”......Page 427 Case Studies......Page 434 What Is “Freedom of Speech”?......Page 439 Limitations on Freedom of Speech......Page 440 The First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution......Page 441 Freedom of Speech in Cyberspace......Page 442 Pornography......Page 443 Hate Speech as Protected Speech......Page 446 Speech Codes and Free Speech Zones on College Campuses......Page 447 The Philosophers on Freedom of Speech......Page 448 The Moral Issues......Page 449 Conclusion......Page 452 John Stuart Mill, from On Liberty......Page 453 Catharine A. MacKinnon, “Pornography, Civil Rights, and Speech”......Page 461 Charles R. Lawrence III, “If He Hollers Let Him Go: Regulating Racist Speech on Campus”......Page 469 Nadine Strossen, “Hate Speech and Pornography: Do We Have to Choose Between Freedom of Speech and Equality?”......Page 478 Stanley Fish, “There’s No Such Thing as Free Speech, and It’s a Good Thing, Too”......Page 487 Alan M. Dershowitz, “Political Correctness, Speech Codes, and Diversity”......Page 493 Cass R. Sunstein, “The First Amendment in Cyberspace”......Page 496 Case Studies......Page 500 Defining the Key Terms......Page 507 The Philosophers on Racism......Page 509 The Roots of American Racism......Page 510 Racism Today......Page 513 Globalization, Immigration, and Racism......Page 516 The Moral Issues......Page 517 Conclusion......Page 519 Lyndon B. Johnson, “To Fulfill These Rights”......Page 520 Bernard R. Boxill, “The Color-Blind Principle”......Page 523 Michael Levin, “Race, Biology, and Justice”......Page 529 Joseph H. Carens, “The Rights of Irregular Migrants”......Page 537 Thomas Pogge, “World Poverty and Human Rights”......Page 549 Case Studies......Page 555 Background......Page 562 The Philosophers on War and Terrorism......Page 563 The Just-War Tradition......Page 565 Weapons of Mass Destruction......Page 569 Pacifism and Conscription......Page 570 The Moral Issues......Page 571 Conclusion......Page 575 Elizabeth Anscombe, “War and Murder”......Page 576 C. A. J. Coady, “War and Terrorism”......Page 582 Sohail H. Hashmi, “Interpreting the Islamic Ethics of War and Peace”......Page 590 Jonathan Granoff, “Nuclear Weapons, Ethics, Morals, and Law”......Page 599 David Luban, “The War on Terrorism and the End of Human Rights”......Page 604 Brian Michael Jenkins, “Should Our Arsenal against Terrorism Include Assassination?”......Page 611 Stephen Joel Trachtenberg, “Sharing the Burden”......Page 617 Case Studies......Page 621 The Legal and Moral Status of Nonhuman Animals......Page 627 The Philosophers on the Moral Value of Nonhuman Animals and the Environment......Page 629 Animal Farming, Environmental Degradation, and Vegetarianism......Page 631 Global Warming and Climate Change......Page 633 Animal Experimentation......Page 634 The Moral Issues......Page 635 Conclusion......Page 638 Tom Regan, “The Moral Basis of Vegetarianism”......Page 639 Jan Narveson, “Animal Rights Revisited”......Page 645 Peter Singer, from Animal Liberation......Page 650 Carl Cohen, “Do Animals Have Rights?”......Page 659 Aldo Leopold, “The Land Ethic”......Page 666 Bill Devall and George Sessions, “Deep Ecology”......Page 670 James Garvey “Climate Change and Moral Outrage”......Page 675 Karen J. Warren, “The Power and the Promise of Ecological Feminism, Revisited”......Page 682 Case Studies......Page 688 Glossary......Page 696 Endnotes......Page 702 Credits......Page 714 Index......Page 717 Back Cover......Page 738