Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, 3rd Edition

The discipline of antenna theory has experienced vast technological changes. In response, Constantine Balanis has updated his classic text, __Antenna Theory__, offering the most recent look at all the necessary topics. New material includes smart antennas and fractal antennas, along with the latest applications in wireless communications. Multimedia material on an accompanying CD presents PowerPoint viewgraphs of lecture notes, interactive review questions, Java animations and applets, and MATLAB features. Like the previous editions, __Antenna Theory, Third Edition__ meets the needs of electrical engineering and physics students at the senior undergraduate and beginning graduate levels, and those of practicing engineers as well. It is a benchmark text for mastering the latest theory in the subject, and for better understanding the technological applications.An Instructor's Manual presenting detailed solutions to all the problems in the book is available from the Wiley editorial department. Front Matter......Page 1 Appendices......Page 0 Dedication......Page 3 Table of Contents......Page 4 Preface......Page 10 1.1 Introduction......Page 15 1.2.3 Microstrip Antennas......Page 18 1.2.4 Array Antennas......Page 19 1.2.5 Reflector Antennas......Page 20 1.3 Radiation Mechanism......Page 21 1.3.1 Single Wire......Page 23 1.3.2 Two-Wires......Page 25 1.3.3 Dipole......Page 28 1.3.4 Computer Animation-Visualization of Radiation Problems......Page 29 1.4 Current Distribution on a Thin Wire Antenna......Page 31 1.5 Historical Advancement......Page 34 1.5.1 Antenna Elements......Page 35 1.5.2 Methods of Analysis......Page 36 1.5.3 Some Future Challenges......Page 37 References......Page 38 2.2 Radiation Pattern......Page 41 2.2.1 Radiation Pattern Lobes......Page 44 2.2.2 Isotropic, Directional, and Omnidirectional Patterns......Page 46 2.2.3 Principal Patterns......Page 47 2.2.4 Field Regions......Page 48 2.2.5 Radian and Steradian......Page 50 2.3 Radiation Power Density......Page 52 2.4 Radiation Intensity......Page 54 2.5 Beamwidth......Page 56 2.6 Directivity......Page 58 2.6.1 Directional Patterns......Page 64 2.6.2 Omnidirectional Patterns......Page 69 2.7 Numerical Techniques......Page 72 2.8 Antenna Efficiency......Page 78 2.9 Gain......Page 79 2.10 Beam Efficiency......Page 83 2.12 Polarization......Page 84 2.12.1 Linear, Circular, and Elliptical Polarizations......Page 87 2.12.2 Polarization Loss Factor and Efficiency......Page 90 2.13 Input Impedance......Page 94 2.14 Antenna Radiation Efficiency......Page 99 2.15.1 Vector Effective Length......Page 101 2.15.2 Antenna Equivalent Areas......Page 103 2.16 Maximum Directivity and Maximum Effective Area......Page 106 2.17.1 Friis Transmission Equation......Page 108 2.17.2 Radar Range Equation......Page 110 2.17.3 Antenna Radar Cross Section......Page 112 2.18 Antenna Temperature......Page 118 2.19 Multimedia......Page 122 References......Page 126 Problems......Page 128 3.1 Introduction......Page 147 3.2 The Vector Potential A for an Electric Current Source J......Page 149 3.3 The Vector Potential F for a Magnetic Current Source M......Page 151 3.4 Electric and Magnetic Fields for Electric (J) and Magnetic (M) Current Sources......Page 152 3.5 Solution of the Inhomogeneous Vector Potential Wave Equation......Page 153 3.6 Far-Field Radiation......Page 156 3.8 Reciprocity and Reaction Theorems......Page 158 3.8.1 Reciprocity for Two Antennas......Page 161 3.8.2 Reciprocity for Antenna Radiation Patterns......Page 162 Problems......Page 164 4.2.1 Radiated Fields......Page 165 4.2.2 Power Density and Radiation Resistance......Page 168 4.2.3 Radian Distance and Radian Sphere......Page 170 4.2.5 Intermediate-Field (kr > 1) Region......Page 172 4.2.6 Far-Field (kr >> 1) Region......Page 173 4.2.7 Directivity......Page 174 4.3 Small Dipole......Page 176 4.4 Region Separation......Page 179 4.4.1 Far-Field (Fraunhofer) Region......Page 181 4.4.2 Radiating Near-Field (Fresnel) Region......Page 182 4.5.1 Current Distribution......Page 184 4.5.2 Radiated Fields: Element Factor, Space Factor, and Pattern Multiplication......Page 185 4.5.3 Power Density, Radiation Intensity, and Radiation Resistance......Page 187 4.5.4 Directivity......Page 192 4.5.5 Input Resistance......Page 193 4.5.6 Finite Feed Gap......Page 195 4.6 Half-Wavelength Dipole......Page 196 4.7.1 Image Theory......Page 198 4.7.2 Vertical Electric Dipole......Page 200 4.7.3 Approximate Formulas for Rapid Calculations and Design......Page 207 4.7.4 Antennas for Mobile Communication Systems......Page 209 4.7.5 Horizontal Electric Dipole......Page 211 4.8.1 Vertical Electric Dipole......Page 219 4.8.2 Horizontal Electric Dipole......Page 220 4.8.3 Earth Curvature......Page 222 4.9 Computer Codes......Page 228 4.10 Multimedia......Page 231 References......Page 232 Problems......Page 233 5.1 Introduction......Page 245 5.2 Small Circular Loop......Page 246 5.2.1 Radiated Fields......Page 247 5.2.3 Power Density and Radiation Resistance......Page 251 5.2.4 Near-Field (kr