Applications of Space-Time Adaptive Processing (Radar, Sonar and Navigation)

This new text, from the bestselling Principles of Space-Time Adaptive Processing (IEE, 2002), discusses various applications of space time adaptive processing, including applications in OTH-radar, ground target tracking, STAP in real world clutter environments, jammer cancellation, supperresolution, active sonar, seismics and communications. The book provides a unique overview of the broad field of space-time processing and is divided into two parts: the first dealing with the classical adaptive suppression of airborne and spacebased radar clutter, and the second comprising miscellaneous applications in other fields such as communications, underwater sound and seismics. Also available: Principles of Space-Time Adaptive Processing, 3rd Edition - ISBN 9780863415661 Ultrawideband Radar Measurements: analysis and processing - ISBN 9780852968949 The Institution of Engineering and Technology is one of the world's leading professional societies for the engineering and technology community. The IET publishes more than 100 new titles every year; a rich mix of books, journals and magazines with a back catalogue of more than 350 books in 18 different subject areas including: -Power & Energy -Renewable Energy -Radar, Sonar & Navigation -Electromagnetics -Electrical Measurement -History of Technology -Technology Management Front Matter......Page 1 Preface......Page 3 Glossary......Page 5 List of Contributors......Page 14 Table of Contents......Page 0 Table of Contents......Page 18 1.1 Introduction......Page 38 1.2 STAP Fundamentals......Page 39 1.3.1 Straight and Level Flight......Page 42 1.3.2 Effect of Variations in Platform Orientation......Page 44 1.4.1 Mainlobe Clutter Suppression......Page 45 1.4.2 Sidelobe Clutter Suppression......Page 51 1.5.1 Effects of Platform Manoeuvre......Page 56 1.5.2 Motion Compensation......Page 57 1.6.2 Advantages of Using STAP......Page 60 1.7 Summary......Page 66 2.1 Introduction......Page 69 2.2 Adaptive Linear Filters......Page 70 2.3 AR-based FIR Filters......Page 77 2.4 Non-linear Combination of Non-adaptive Filters......Page 83 2.4.1 Filter Bank Design......Page 84 2.4.2 Detection Threshold and Performance......Page 87 2.4.3 AR-based Non-linear Detector......Page 88 2.5 Non-linear Combination of Adaptive AR-based Two-dimensional FIR Filters......Page 93 2.6 Conclusions......Page 98 2.8 Appendix: ML Estimation of Two-dimensional AR parameters......Page 101 3.2 Description of the Problem and State of the Art......Page 104 3.3.1 Aberrations Due to Target Motion......Page 107 3.3.2 Space-time-frequency Representation......Page 108 3.4.1 Taxonomy of Processing Schemes for MSAR......Page 113 3.4.2 MTI + PD......Page 118 3.4.3 DPCA......Page 125 3.4.4 Along-track Interferometry (ATI)-SAR......Page 126 3.4.5 Processor in the Space-time-frequency Domain......Page 130 3.4.6 Optimum Processing for MSAR......Page 139 3.5 Conclusions......Page 151 3.6 Acknowledgments......Page 152 4.1 Definition of the Difference (Delta) Beams......Page 155 4.2 SigmaDelta-STAP Algorithms......Page 157 4.3.1 SINR Potential......Page 161 4.3.2 Probabilities of Detection and False Alarm......Page 162 4.4 A Real-data Demonstration of SigmaDelta-STAP......Page 163 4.5 Desired Delta-beam Characteristics......Page 167 4.5.1 Mathematical Equivalence of Subarray and SigmaDelta-STAP......Page 174 4.6.1 Advantages of the SigmaDelta-STAP Approach......Page 175 4.6.2 Limitations of SigmaDelta-STAP......Page 177 4.6.3 Potential Applications of SigmaDelta-STAP......Page 178 5.1.1 Preliminaries on STAP Antennas......Page 180 5.1.2 The Circular Ring Array Concept......Page 182 5.2 Array Configurations for 360° Coverage......Page 183 5.2.1 Four Linear Arrays......Page 184 5.2.2 Displaced Circular Rings......Page 187 5.2.3 Circular Planar Array with Randomly Distributed Elements......Page 188 5.2.4 Octagonal Planar Array......Page 191 5.3.1 Directivity Patterns......Page 195 5.3.2 Range-ambiguous Clutter......Page 196 5.4.1 Side-looking Linear and Rectangular Arrays......Page 198 5.4.2 Omnidirectional Arrays......Page 199 5.5 Conclusions......Page 200 6.1.1 Background......Page 207 6.1.2 Addition of MTI Modes to Spaceborne SAR......Page 208 6.1.3 RADARSAT-2 Moving Object Detection Experiment......Page 209 6.2 Analysis of SAR-GMTI Modes for RADARSAT-2......Page 210 6.2.1 Background......Page 211 6.2.2 Statistical Models of Measured Signals......Page 214 6.2.3 SCNR Optimum Processing......Page 218 6.2.4 SAR Displaced Phase Centre Antenna......Page 223 6.2.5 SAR Along-track Interferometry......Page 224 6.3.1 Detection......Page 226 6.3.2 Parameter Estimation......Page 231 6.4 Conclusions......Page 232 6.5 List of Symbols......Page 233 7.1 Introduction......Page 237 7.2.1 Spaceborne MTI Radar Applications......Page 238 7.2.2 Spaceborne MTI Radar Design......Page 239 7.3.1 Typical GMTI Signal Processing......Page 242 7.3.2 Extension to Other Modes......Page 245 7.3.3 Other Issues......Page 246 7.4 Simulation and Processing for SBR......Page 247 7.4.1 User Interface......Page 248 7.4.2 Model the Radar......Page 254 7.4.3 Model the Environment......Page 255 7.4.4 Generate the Signals......Page 257 7.4.5 Model the Processing......Page 258 7.4.6 Evaluate the Results......Page 259 7.5 Discussion and Conclusions......Page 261 8.1 Introduction......Page 264 8.2 Moving Target Detection with SBR......Page 265 8.2.1 STAP for SBR Systems......Page 267 8.3 Clutter Characteristics of Pulse-Doppler Waveforms in SBR......Page 269 8.3.1 Clutter Doppler Ambiguities......Page 270 8.3.2 Clutter Range Ambiguities......Page 271 8.4 Impact of Range-ambiguous Clutter on STAP Performance......Page 273 8.5.1 PRF Diversity......Page 276 8.5.2 Aperture Trade Offs......Page 278 8.6 Long Single Pulse Phase-encoded Waveforms......Page 279 8.6.1 Properties of Long Single Pulse Phase-encoded Waveform (LSPW)......Page 281 8.6.2 Integrated Sidelobe Clutter Levels......Page 283 8.6.3 STAP Simulations......Page 286 8.7 Summary......Page 289 9.2 Baseline Systolic Algorithm......Page 292 9.3 Lattice and Vectorial Lattice Algorithms......Page 296 9.4 Inverse QRD-based Algorithms......Page 298 9.5 Experiments with General Purpose Parallel Processors......Page 299 9.6 Experiments with VLSI-based CORDIC Board......Page 300 9.7 Modern Signal Processing Technology Overview and Its Impact on Real-time STAP......Page 302 9.8.1 Systolic Algorithm for Live Data Processing......Page 304 9.8.2 Data Files Used in the Data Reduction Experiments......Page 305 9.8.3 Performance Evaluation......Page 307 9.8.4 Detection of Vehicular Traffic......Page 311 9.9 Concluding Remarks......Page 312 9.10 Appendix A: Givens Rotations and Systolic Implementation of Sidelobe Canceller......Page 313 9.11 Appendix B: Lattice Working Principle......Page 315 9.12 Appendix C: the CORDIC Algorithm......Page 316 9.13 Appendix D: the SLC Implementation via CORDIC Algorithm......Page 319 9.14 Appendix E: an Example of Existing Processors for STAP......Page 320 10.1 Introduction......Page 331 10.1.1 Adaptivity with Finite Sample Support......Page 333 10.1.2 STAP Performance Metrics......Page 334 10.1.3 Covariance Matrix Errors......Page 337 10.2 Classes of Space-time Clutter Heterogeneity......Page 338 10.3.1 Clutter Discretes......Page 341 10.3.2 Range-angle Varying Clutter RCS......Page 346 10.3.3 Clutter Edges......Page 348 10.4 Spectral Heterogeneity......Page 351 10.5 CNR-induced Spectral Mismatch......Page 354 10.6 Targets in the Secondary Data......Page 357 10.7 Joint Angle-Doppler Mismatch and Clutter Heterogeneity......Page 364 10.8.1 Measured Multichannel Airborne Radar Data......Page 366 10.8.2 Site-specific Simulation......Page 369 10.9.1 Data-dependent Training Techniques......Page 371 10.9.2 Minimal Sample Support STAP......Page 375 10.9.4 Targets in Training Data......Page 377 10.9.5 Covariance Matrix Tapers......Page 378 10.9.6 Knowledge-aided Space-time Processing......Page 379 10.11 Acknowledgments......Page 380 11.1 Introduction......Page 385 11.2 Training of STAP Algorithms......Page 387 11.3 Post-Doppler STAP Algorithms......Page 390 11.4 Phase and Power-selected Training for STAP......Page 391 11.5 Experimental Results......Page 393 11.5.1 Example of Phase/Power Selection......Page 394 11.5.2 STAP Results......Page 395 11.6 Summary......Page 398 12.1 Introduction......Page 401 12.2 Direct Data Domain Least-squares (D3LS) Approach, One Dimension......Page 405 12.3 D3LS Approach with Main Beam Constraints......Page 411 12.4 A D3LS Approach with Main Beam Constraints for Space-time Adaptive Processing......Page 413 12.4.1 Space-time D3LS Eigenvalue Processor......Page 415 12.4.2 Space-time D3LS Forward Processor......Page 416 12.4.3 Space-time D3LS Backward Processor......Page 418 12.4.4 Space-time D3LS Forward-backward Processor......Page 419 12.5 Determining the Degrees of Freedom......Page 420 12.6.1 Simulation Setup......Page 422 12.6.2 Case I: Single Constraint Space-time Example......Page 424 12.6.3 Case II: Multiple Constraint Space-time Example......Page 429 12.8 List of Variables......Page 434 13.1 Introduction......Page 438 13.1.1 Initial Development of Space-time Adaptive Processing (STAP) Algorithms......Page 439 13.1.2 Hypothesis Testing Problem......Page 442 13.2 Real-world Detection Environments......Page 443 13.3 Non-homogeneity - Causes and Impact on Performance......Page 445 13.3.1 Signal Contamination......Page 448 13.3.2 Non-homogeneity Detection......Page 450 13.3.4 Analysis of Degraded Performance Due to Non-homogeneity......Page 453 13.4 Antenna Array Errors......Page 455 13.5 Deviation from Gaussian Assumption......Page 456 13.6 Jamming and Terrain Scattered Interference......Page 459 13.6.2 Two-stage Processors......Page 460 13.6.3 Three-dimensional STAP......Page 462 13.7.1 Reduced-rank Methods and Covariance Matrix Tapers......Page 463 13.7.2 Techniques Implementing Limited Reference Cells......Page 465 13.7.3 Low Complexity Approaches to STAP......Page 467 13.8 Conclusions......Page 469 Color Plates: Applications of Space-time Adaptive Processing......Page 488 14.2 Properties of the STAP Radar Sensor......Page 506 14.2.1 Processing Techniques......Page 507 14.2.2 Array Properties......Page 511 14.2.3 Summary of the Data Output Provided by the STAP Radar......Page 512 14.3.1 SNIR and Pd of a Moving Target......Page 513 14.3.2 System Aspects......Page 519 14.4.1 Bandwidth Effects......Page 525 14.4.2 Doppler Ambiguities......Page 527 14.4.3 Range Ambiguities......Page 528 14.4.4 STAP Radar under Jamming Conditions......Page 531 14.5 Issues in Convoy Tracking......Page 533 14.5.1 Convoy Detection by Range-only Information......Page 534 14.5.2 Convoy Detection by Azimuth Variance Analysis......Page 535 14.6 Summary......Page 538 15.1 Introduction......Page 540 15.1.1 Discussion of an Idealised Scenario......Page 541 15.1.2 Summary of Observations......Page 544 15.2.1 Coordinate Systems......Page 546 15.2.2 Target Dynamics Model......Page 548 15.3.1 GMTI Characteristics......Page 549 15.3.2 Convoy Resolution......Page 551 15.3.4 Measurements......Page 552 15.4.1 Prediction......Page 553 15.4.2 Data Processing......Page 554 15.4.3 Filtering Process......Page 556 15.4.4 Realisation Aspects......Page 557 15.4.5 Discussion......Page 558 15.4.6 Retrodiction......Page 561 15.4.7 Effect of Doppler Ambiguities......Page 563 15.5 Road Map Information......Page 567 15.5.1 Modelling of Roads......Page 568 15.5.2 Densities on Roads......Page 569 15.6.1 Simulation Parameters......Page 572 15.6.2 Numerical Results......Page 573 15.7 List of Variables......Page 576 16.1 Introduction......Page 581 16.2 Broadband Array Signal Model and Beamforming......Page 582 16.2.1 Received Signal and Notation......Page 583 16.2.2 Digital Beamforming with Subarray Outputs......Page 586 16.2.3 Influence of Channel Imperfections......Page 591 16.3 Superresolution with Broadband Arrays......Page 598 16.3.1 Spatial-only Processing of Broadband Data......Page 600 16.3.2 Space and Time Processing Methods......Page 605 16.3.3 Conclusions on Broadband Superresolution......Page 620 16.4 Jammer Suppression with Broadband Arrays......Page 622 16.4.1 General Principles of Adaptive Interference Suppression......Page 623 16.4.2 Spatial-only Adaptation......Page 629 16.4.3 Space and Time Adaptation......Page 630 16.5 Final Remarks......Page 635 17.1 Overview......Page 641 17.2 SC STAP Fundamentals and Supervised Training Applications......Page 642 17.2.1 SC STAP Algorithm: Analytic Solution......Page 649 17.2.2 SC STAP Algorithm: Operational Routines......Page 663 17.2.3 SC STAP Algorithm: Efficiency Analysis by Simulation Results......Page 665 17.2.4 SC STAP Algorithm: Efficiency Analysis by Real Data Processing......Page 677 17.2.5 Summary......Page 681 17.3 SC STAP Unsupervised Training Applications......Page 687 17.3.1 Operational Routine for Unsupervised Training......Page 689 17.3.2 Operational SC STAP Algorithm: Simulation and Real Data Processing Results......Page 696 17.3.3 Summary......Page 704 17.4.1 Introduction......Page 706 17.4.2 Conditional Loss Factor eta1 Analysis: LSMI Versus SMI for SC SAP......Page 708 17.4.3 Conditional Loss Factor eta1 Analysis: LSMI for SC STAP......Page 719 17.4.4 Conditional Loss Factor eta2 Analysis: Exact PDF for a Single Stochastic Constraint......Page 722 17.4.5 Conditional Loss Factor eta2 Analysis: Approximate PDF for Multiple Stochastic Constraints......Page 726 17.5 List of Variables......Page 731 18.1 Introduction......Page 740 18.2 Adaptive Matched Field Processing (MFP)......Page 742 18.3 Wideband-narrowband Feedback Loop White-noise-constrained Method (FLWNC)......Page 744 18.4 MFP Examples......Page 746 18.5 Space-time Adaptive Matched Field Processing (STAMP)......Page 748 18.6 Forward Sector Processing Simulation Geometry......Page 750 18.7 Summary......Page 752 19.1 Introduction......Page 753 19.2.1 Data Model......Page 758 19.2.2 Fully Adaptive CW Processing......Page 759 19.2.3 Partially Adaptive Processing Techniques......Page 761 19.3 FM Processing......Page 762 19.3.3 Automatic Echogram Detection......Page 764 19.4.1 Sonar System Description......Page 765 19.4.2 CW Pulse Sea Data Analysis......Page 766 19.4.3 Echogram Sea Data Analysis (ACTAS)......Page 767 19.4.5 Automatic Echogram Detection......Page 768 20.1 Introduction......Page 771 20.2 Signal Model......Page 772 20.3.1 EM Algorithm......Page 774 20.3.2 SAGE Algorithm......Page 777 20.4 Fast EM and SAGE Algorithms......Page 779 20.5 Recursive EM and SAGE Algorithms......Page 780 20.5.1 Recursive EM Algorithm......Page 781 20.5.2 Recursive SAGE Algorithm......Page 783 20.6 Experimental Results......Page 784 20.6.1 EM and SAGE Algorithms......Page 785 20.6.2 Recursive EM and SAGE Algorithms......Page 787 20.7 Conclusions......Page 789 21.1 Introduction......Page 792 21.2.1 The Seismic Wavefield......Page 793 21.2.2 Acquisition of Reflection Seismic Data......Page 795 21.2.3 Seismic Reflection Processing......Page 799 21.3 Common Reflection Surface Stack......Page 803 21.3.1 Classic Data-driven Approaches......Page 804 21.3.2 Second-order Traveltime Approximations......Page 805 21.3.3 Physical Interpretation of the Coefficients......Page 806 21.3.4 Implementation......Page 808 21.3.5 Practical Aspects......Page 809 21.3.6 A Synthetic Data Example......Page 810 21.4 CRS Attributes and Velocity Model Estimation......Page 812 21.5 Conclusions......Page 814 21.6.1 List of Variables......Page 815 21.6.2 Specific Terminology......Page 816 22.1 Introduction......Page 821 22.2 System Model......Page 825 22.3 Time Domain Linear Joint Detection......Page 827 22.3.1 Zero Forcing Block Linear Equalisation......Page 828 22.4.1 Block-diagonal FD System Model......Page 829 22.4.2 FD ZF-BLE and MMSE-BLE......Page 832 22.5 Performance of FD Joint Detection......Page 834 22.5.1 Exploitation of Spatial and Frequency Diversity......Page 835 22.5.2 Intracell Interference Cancellation......Page 841 22.5.3 Intra- and Intercell Interference Cancellation......Page 850 22.6 Conclusions......Page 858 22.7.1 Variables with Roman/Calligraphic Letters......Page 859 22.7.3 Variables with Greek Letters......Page 860 23.1 Introduction......Page 864 23.2.1 Transmission Loss and Ambient Noise......Page 865 23.2.2 Sound Speed Variability......Page 866 23.2.3 Multipath Propagation......Page 867 23.2.4 Doppler Effect......Page 868 23.3.1 Incoherent Digital Receivers......Page 869 23.3.2 Coherent Digital Receivers......Page 870 23.4.1 Communication Over Channels with ISI......Page 871 23.4.2 Multichannel Digital Receiver......Page 872 23.4.3 Signal Model......Page 874 23.4.4 Multichannel Equalisation......Page 876 23.5.1 Blind Stochastic Gradient Descent Algorithms......Page 878 23.5.2 The Constant Modulus Algorithm......Page 879 23.5.3 Experimental Results......Page 881 23.6.1 Iterative Shalvi-Weinstein Algorithm......Page 884 23.6.2 Recursive Shalvi-Weinstein Algorithm......Page 886 23.6.3 Adaptive Implementation......Page 887 23.7 Concluding Remarks......Page 890 24.1.1 Motivation for Reduced-rank MMSE Processing......Page 894 24.1.2 Understanding the Multistage Wiener Filter......Page 895 24.1.3 Lattice Structure of the MSWF......Page 898 24.1.4 MSWF Related to Wiener-Hopf Filter Weights......Page 899 24.2.1 Introduction......Page 901 24.2.2 Data and Channel Model......Page 902 24.2.4 Chip-level MMSE Estimator......Page 903 24.2.5 Performance Examples......Page 905 24.3.2 Power Minimisation and Joint Space-time Preprocessing......Page 908 24.3.3 Space-time Filter Characteristics......Page 909 24.3.4 Data and Channel Model......Page 910 24.3.5 Dimensionality Reduction Techniques......Page 912 24.3.6 Performance Examples......Page 913 24.4 Summary of Concepts Involving Reduced-rank Filtering......Page 916 25.1 Introduction......Page 920 25.2 Multiple Antenna Channel Model......Page 922 25.3.1 Array Gain......Page 924 25.3.2 Diversity Gain......Page 925 25.3.3 Multiplexing Gain......Page 928 25.3.4 Interference Reduction......Page 930 25.4 Background on Space-time Codes......Page 931 25.4.1 Space-time Trellis Codes......Page 932 25.4.2 Linear Space-time Block Codes......Page 934 25.5 New Design Criteria......Page 935 25.5.1 Error Performance......Page 936 25.5.2 Capacity Performance......Page 937 25.5.3 Unified Design......Page 938 25.6.1 Modulation and Coding for MIMO......Page 942 25.7 Concluding Remarks......Page 943 A......Page 945 B......Page 948 C......Page 949 D......Page 952 F......Page 954 G......Page 955 I......Page 957 L......Page 959 M......Page 960 N......Page 962 P......Page 963 R......Page 964 S......Page 966 T......Page 973 U......Page 974 W......Page 975 Sigma......Page 976

This new book from Richard Klemm, author of the highly successful Principles of Space-time Adaptive Processing (IEE,2002), examines the various applications of space-time adaptive processing including applications in OTH-radar, ground target tracking, STAP in real world clutter environments, jammer cancellation, superresolution, active sonar, seismics and communications. Including contributions from distinguished international authors, the book provides a unique overview of the field of space-time procesing. The book is divided in two parts; the first dealing with the classical adaptive suppression of airbourne and space based radar clutter and the second comprising of miscellaneous applications in other fields such as communications, underwater sound and seismics.

The book will be of interest to those working in the field of sensor signal processing and in particular postgraduate students, research scientists, system engineers, university teachers and research project managers.

The following topics are dealt with: space-time adaptive processing; airborne radar; space-time adaptive matched field processing; acoustics; seismic reflection imaging procedure; common reflection surface; code division multiple access system; space division multiple access system; time division multiple access system; underwater communications; vertical receiver arrays; interference suppression; interference equalisation; space-time coding; FIR filters; clutter suppression; omnidirectional antenna arrays; spaceborne radar; parallel processing architectures; deterministic techniques; ground target tracking; space-fast time techniques; and broadband arrays

this Introduction To Airborne Moving Target Indication System Design Describes Array And Signal Processing Techniques, Signal And Clutter Models, Space-time Clutter Suppression Techniques, And Suboptimum Processing Techniques Based On Linear Arrays. The Book Is A Revised Edition Of Space-time Adaptive Processing: Principles And Applications, And Adds Chapters On Radar Ambiguities, Space-time Processing For Bistatic Radar, And Parameter Estimation. Annotation C. Book News, Inc., Portland, Or