The present book is the result of diverse courses on diffusion. It is intended to give as complete an overview as possible of diffusion in solid media, while relating the process of diffusion to both their physical bases and their applications. A series of a real situations is covered in this account, from self-diffusion of radiotracers to the more complex cases of mass flow under chemical or thermal gradients or under electric fields, or diffusion in structures of lower dimensionality (surfaces and interfaces). In all these analyses, no category of materials was favored; metals, ionic crystals, oxydes, and semiconductors all had their turn. Only polymers were not specifically touched. One chapter is specifically devoted to techniques for studying diffusion, including methods of numerical simulation, and a last and long chapter gives a number of metallurgical phenomena in which diffusion plays a fundamental role.
Imaging at high angular resolution (HRA) is a flourishing discipline. High performance instruments like the spectro-polarimeter SPHERE at VLT/ESO has recently been implemented. A harvest of splendid results is continuously coming from interferometry with PIONIER, MATISSE, and now GRAVITY (all at VLTI/ESO), VEGA and JouFlu (CHARA), and at longer wavelengths with ALMA at VLTI/ESO and NOEMA/IRAM. The future is already underway with the very close launch of JWST/NASA, and the development of ELT at ESO.
HRA provides a unique way to study regions of stellar formation, proto-planetary discs as well as the surfaces of stars and their environments.
This volume offers lectures given by world experts in the field during the EvrySchatzman School on Stellar Physics (EES 2017) held in Roscoff, France. The addressed topics include a course of introduction to optical/IR interferometry covering the history and basic principles, a course on diffraction-dominated observational astronomy, and a course presenting the principles and instrumentation of optical long baseline interferometry. This book will be a valuable reference for researchers and students in the coming years.
""APPENDIX I: Methods for solving the diffusion equation""""APPENDIX II: Diffusion in three dimensions""; ""APPENDIX III: Conservation at a moving boundary""; ""CHAPTER II: ATOMIC THEORY OF DIFFUSION""; ""I. A simplified model""; ""II. General theory of random walk""; ""III. Expressions for the mean-square displacement (XÂ2) and for the diffusion coefficient""; ""IV. Diffusion in the presence of a driving force""; ""V. Explicit form of the function W (X, pi)""; ""VI. Variable jump distance""; ""VII. Correlation functions""; ""VIII. Limitations of Fick's law""; ""APPENDIX: Some definitions"" ""CHAPTER III: DIFFUSION MECHANISMS AND CORRELATION EFFECTS""""I. Mechanisms of diffusion""; ""II. Definition of the correlation factor""; ""III. The encounter model""; ""IV. A simple simulation of self-diffusion and electromigration""; ""V. Methods of calculating the correlation factor""; ""VI. Types of correlation factors""; ""VII. Migration of point defects; Effect of temperature""; ""APPENDIX I: Calculation of (cos theta)""; ""APPENDIX II: Percolation""; ""CHAPTER IV: SELF-DIFFUSION""; ""I. The self-diffusion coefficient""; ""II. Variation of the diffusion coefficient with temperature"" ""TABLE OF CONTENTS""; ""Preface""; ""Foreword""; ""Foreword to the English edition""; ""Translator's acknowledgments""; ""General Bibliography""; ""Notation""; ""CHAPTER I: DIFFUSION AND DRIFT""; ""I. Flux of particles. Fick's equation""; ""II. Time-dependent case""; ""III. Solutions of the diffusion equation (or Fick's second law)""; ""IV. Relation between drift and diffusion. The Nernst-Einstein equation""; ""V. The nature of the driving force""; ""VI. A variety of diffusion processes and generalization of Fick's law""; ""VII. Diffusion with phase change. Multiphase diffusion"" ""VII. Diffusion in homogeneous concentrated alloys""""VIII. Superionic conductors""; ""IX. Amorphous materials""; ""CHAPTER VI: DIFFUSION AND DRIFT IN ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS""; ""I. Intrinsic diffusion coefficients""; ""II. The interdiffusion coefficient""; ""III. Chemical diffusion in compounds""; ""IV. The effective diffusion coefficient ""; ""APPENDIX I: Variable molar volume. Problem of the frame of reference""; ""APPENDIX II: Kröger-Vink notation""; ""APPENDIX III: Deviation from stoichiometry in a binary oxide""; ""APPENDIX IV: Ambipolar diffusion in a binary oxide"" ""III. Anisotropy of diffusion""""IV. Deviations from the Arrhenius law""; ""V. The isotope effect""; ""VI. Effect of pressure""; ""VII. Empirical correlations""; ""VIII. Self-diffusion in metals""; ""IX. Self-diffusion in semiconductors ""; ""X. Semi-diffusion in ionic crystals""; ""XI. Molecular crystals""; ""CHAPTER V: SOLUTE DIFFUSION IN PURE MATERIALS. DIFFUSION IN ALLOYS""; ""I. Introduction""; ""II. Solute diffusion at infinite dilution""; ""III. Interstitial solid solutions""; ""IV. Ionic crystals""; ""V. Semiconductors""; ""VI. Dilute alloys"" Jean Philibert ; Translated From The French By Steven J. Rothman ; Preface By David Lazarus. Includes Index. Translation Of: Diffusion Et Transport De Matiere Dans Les Solides. Bibliography : [xix]-xxi.
