Basic structures for engineers and architects

Basic Structures provides the student with a clear explanation of structural concepts, using many analogies and examples. Real examples and case studies show the concepts in use, and the book is well illustrated with full colour photographs and many line illustrations, giving the student a thorough grounding in the fundamentals and a 'feel' for the way buildings behave structurally. With many worked examples and tutorial questions, the book serves as an ideal introduction to the subject. Title Page 27 Table Of Contents 2 Acknowledgements 30 Introduction 31 The Purpose Of This Book 31 The Intended Readership 32 A Word About Computers 32 The Website 33 An Overview Of This Book 33 How To Use This Book 34 Let’S Keep It Simple 34 1 What Is Structural Engineering? 36 Introduction 36 What Is A Structure? 36 What Is An Engineer? 37 The Structural Engineer In The Context Of Related Professions 38 Structural Understanding 39 Safety And Serviceability 39 The Composition Of A Building Structure 40 A Few Words For Students On Architecture Courses 45 2 Learn The Language 47 Introduction 47 3 How Do Structures (And Parts Of Structures) Behave? 50 Introduction 50 Compression 50 Tension 52 Bending 54 Shear 56 Structural Elements And Their Behaviour 57 Cross-Sectional Types 68 Appraisal Of Existing Structures 70 What You Should Remember From This Chapter 71 4 Force, Mass And Weight 72 Introduction 72 The Relationship Between Weight And Mass 76 Density And Unit Weight 77 Units Generally 77 Relationships With Other Measuring Systems 78 What You Should Remember From This Chapter 78 Tutorial Examples 78 5 Loading – Dead Or Alive 81 Introduction: What Is A Load? 81 Nature Of Load 83 Load Paths 86 6 Equilibrium – A Balanced Approach 89 Introduction 89 Vertical Equilibrium 90 Horizontal Equilibrium 91 The Application Of Equilibrium 94 What You Should Remember From This Chapter 97 7 More About Forces 98 Introduction 98 The Underground Analogy 98 Resolution Of Forces 100 The ‘Donald And Tristan’ Analogy 101 Resultants Of Forces 103 Components Of Forces 110 What You Should Remember From This Chapter 114 Tutorial Examples 114 8 Moments 117 Introduction 117 What Is A Moment? 117 Practical Examples Of Moments 118 Numerical Problems Involving Moments 121 Moment Equilibrium 126 What You Should Remember From This Chapter 135 Tutorial Examples 135 9 Reactions 138 Introduction 138 Moment Equilibrium 138 Calculation Of Reactions 140 Calculation Of Reactions When Uniformly Distributed Loads Are Present 143 What You Should Remember From This Chapter 145 Tutorial Examples 145 10 Different Types Of Support – And What’S A Pin? 147 What Is A Pin? 147 Different Types Of Support 148 Restraints 151 Simultaneous Equations 153 What You Should Remember From This Chapter 156 Tutorial Examples 157 11 A Few Words About Stability 159 Introduction 159 Stability Of Structural Frameworks 159 Internal Stability Of Framed Structures – A Summary 161 Examples 162 General Cases 165 Frames On Supports 167 Examples 168 Stability Of ‘Real’ Structures 170 What You Should Remember From This Chapter 175 Tutorial Examples 175 12 Introduction To The Analysis Of Pin-Jointed Frames 178 Simple Beams, Lattice Girders And Trusses 178 What Is A Pin-Jointed Frame? 182 How Are Pin-Jointed Frames Analysed? 184 13 Method Of Resolution At Joints 185 Introduction 185 The Rules 185 The General Approach 186 Standard Cases 191 The Influence Of Diagonal Members 193 Worked Example 1 194 Worked Example 2 206 Worked Example 3 212 Tutorial Examples 216 14 Method Of Sections 218 Introduction 218 Background To The Method Of Sections 221 Example Of Method Of Sections 223 Summary Of The Method Of Sections 227 What You Should Remember From This Chapter 227 Tutorial Examples 227 15 Graphical Method 231 Introduction 231 The Van Driver Analogy 238 Calculation Of The Sense (Compressive Or Tensile) Of The Internal Forces In The Framework 238 What You Should Remember From This Chapter 243 Tutorial Examples 243 16 Shear Force And Bending Moments 246 Introduction 246 Deformation Of Structures 246 Shear And Bending 250 Shear Force And Bending Moment Diagrams 255 There Is An Easier Way 258 The Relationship Between Shear Force And Bending Moment 259 The Shape Of Shear Force And Bending Moment Diagrams Where Uniformly Distributed Loads Are Present 264 What Else Can Shear Force And Bending Moment Diagrams Tell Us? 274 What You Should Remember From This Chapter 279 Tutorial Examples 280 17 This Thing Called Stress 293 Introduction 293 What Is Stress? 295 Stress And Strain 297 Types Of Stress 299 What You Should Remember From This Chapter 299 18 Direct (And Shear) Stress 300 Introduction 300 Direct (Axial) Stress 300 Shear Stress 301 Strain 303 The Relationship Between Stress And Strain 307 How To Predict Change In Length 309 The Relationship Between Change In Length And Change In Width 310 How To Calculate Change In Width 312 What You Should Remember From This Chapter 315 Tutorial Examples 316 19 Bending Stress 318 Introduction 318 Bending Theory 318 The Engineers’ Bending Equation 322 Calculation Of Second Moment Of Area (I) For Symmetrical Sections 328 Calculation Of Second Moment Of Area (I) For Unsymmetrical Sections 330 Centroids And How To Locate Them 331 Centroids Of Irregular Shapes 332 Centroids Of Cross Sections Which Can Be Broken Down Into Regular Shapes 334 Example 334 Parallel Axis Theorem 335 What You Should Remember From This Chapter 345 Tutorial Questions 345 Suggestions For Further Work 352 20 Combined Bending And Axial Stress 354 Introduction 354 Combined Stresses By Formula 354 The Formulas 359 Combined Stresses In Two Dimensions 364 Pressure On Foundations 370 What You Should Remember From This Chapter 374 Tutorial Questions 374 21 Structural Materials 377 Introduction 377 Which Is The Best Material? 377 Factors To Be Considered In Material Selection 379 Concrete 381 Masonry 382 Timber 385 Steelwork 386 Aluminium 387 So How Do I Decide What Materials To Use In A Given Building? 387 22 More On Materials 392 Material Selection For Structural Design 392 Alternative Forms Of Construction 392 The Choice Between Different Construction Types 395 Design From First Principles And Design Standards 396 23 How Far Can I Span? 398 Introduction 398 Long Span Structures 398 Steel 400 Concrete 405 Timber 406 Masonry 406 Spans And Depths: Some Rules Of Thumb 406 24 Calculating Those Loads 409 Introduction 409 Dead Load 409 Live Load 410 25 An Introduction To Structural Design 424 General 424 Loads 427 Load Combinations 427 Concrete 430 Masonry 445 Timber 451 Steel 458 Structural Glass 481 Graphene 484 26 More On Structural Types And Forms 485 Folded Plate Structures 486 Arches 487 Vaults 492 Domes 493 Shells 497 Cable Structures 498 Inflatable Structures 500 Space Structures 501 Bridges 502 Dams 511 Tunnels 513 27 An Introduction To Deflection 515 Basic Calculus: A Reminder 515 Equations For Bending Moment 517 Deflection In Beams 521 Determination Of Maximum Deflection 523 Summary Of The Use Of Macaulay’S Method 525 Maximum Deflection For Standard Cases 526 Numerical Example Involving A Udl 530 Tutorial Examples 533 28 Shear Stress 534 Complementary Shear Stress 535 Shear Modulus 537 Shear Stress In Beams 537 Rectangular Sections 538 I Sections 541 Tutorial Example 545 29 Buckling And Torsion 548 Buckling 548 Torsion 557 What You Should Remember From This Chapter 560 Tutorial Questions 562 30 Frames And Three-Pinned Arches 565 31 Virtual Work 586 Tutorial Examples 593 32 Squares And Circles Of Stress 597 Combining These Stresses 606 What You Should Remember From This Chapter 622 Tutorial Question 623 33 Trusses (No Numbers) 625 Tutorial Examples 638 34 Plastic Analysis 642 Plastic Modulus Sx 643 Plastic Moment Mp 644 Shape Factor R 644 Collapse Mechanisms 651 Principle Of Virtual Work 657 Tutorial Example 665 Further Reading 670 Appendix 1: Weights Of Common Building Materials 671 Reinforced Concrete 671 Blockwork 671 Brickwork 671 Steel 671 Aluminium 671 Timber 671 Glass 672 Water 672 Live Loads 672 Appendix 2: Conversions And Relationships Between Units 673 Inches, Feet And Metres 673 Yards And Metres 673 Acres And Hectares 673 Miles And Kilometres 673 Litres And Cubic Metres 673 Pounds, Kilograms And Stones 674 Kilograms, Kn And Tonnes 674 Tons And Tonnes 674 Appendix 3: Mathematics Associated With Right-Angled Triangles 675 Pythagoras’ Theorem 675 Basic Trigonometry 676 Appendix 4: Symbols 679 Appendix 5: A Checklist For Architects 680 Appendix 6: Getting More Out Of Civil Engineering 681 So What Else Should A Student Be Doing Besides Studying? 681 Index 683 End User License Agreement 689 "Basic Structures provides the student with a clear explanation of the structural concepts behind buildings, using many analogies and examples. In this new edition new chapters on design have been added, which serve as an introduction to the structural design process by describing (with no mathematics) the principles and structural processes on which structural design is based, and showing the range of designs that can be achieved with modern methods. In addition, the text has been updated generally and the concepts of deflection and buckling addressed more fully at appropriate points in the existing chapters. Real examples and case studies are used to ensure the concepts can be seen in use, and the book is well illustrated with full colour photographs and many line illustrations, giving the student a thorough grounding in the fundamentals and a 'feel' for the way buildings behave structurally. With many worked examples and tutorial questions, the book serves as an ideal introduction to the subject"--