Beginning the Linux Command Line, 2nd Edition

Beginning the Linux Command Line Contents at a Glance Contents About the Author Introduction Chapter 1: Starting Linux Command-Line Administration Linux Distributions Linux History Open Source The First Distributions Linux Turning Mainstream Red Hat SUSE Ubuntu Logging In and Out Different Login Interfaces Working with a User Account Command-Line Basics Bash: The Command Interpreter Commands, Options, and Arguments Options Arguments Piping and Redirection Piping Redirection Getting Help Using man to Get Help man Sections Using the --help Option Getting Information on Installed Packages Working with the Shell Using the Shell to Best Effect Working with Files and Directories Using automatic Command Completion Working with Variables Working with Bash history Managing Bash with Key Sequences Summary Chapter 2: Performing Essential Command‐Line tasks Changing Your Password Working with Virtual Consoles Becoming Another User Obtaining Information About Other Users Communicating with Other Users Real-Time Communication Individual Chat Sessions with write Writing to all Users Disabling Real‐Time Messages Sending Mail from the Command Line Finding Your Way in the File System Default Directories Working with the Linux File System Working with Directories Working with Files Listing Files with ls Removing Files with rm Copying Files with cp Moving Files with mv Cool Commands Displaying a Calendar with cal Clearing Your Screen with clear Displaying System Information with uname and hostname Counting Words, Lines, and Characters with wc Changing and Showing Date and Time with date Summary Chapter 3: Administering the Linux File System Mounting Disks Using the mount Command Options for the mount Command Getting an Overview of Mounted Devices Unmounting Devices Automating Mounts with /etc/fstab Checking File System Integrity Creating Backups Making File Backups with tar Creating an Archive File Path Names in tar Extracting an Archive File Moving a Complete Directory Creating Incremental Backups Making Device Backups Using dd Working with Links Why Use Links ? Working with Symbolic Links Understanding Inodes Understanding the Differences Between hard and Symbolic Links Working with Hard Links Links Recap Summary Chapter 4: Working with Text Files Working with Vi Vi Modes Saving and Quitting Cutting, Copying, and Pasting Deleting Text Moving Through Text Files Changing All Occurrences of a String in a Text File Vi Summarized Displaying Contents of Text Files Showing File Contents with cat and tac Showing a File’s Last Lines with tail Displaying the First Lines in a File with head Browsing File Contents with less and more Cool Text File Manipulation Tools Changing Contents in a Batch with tr Sorting Text Files with sort Finding Differences Between Text Files with diff Checking Whether a Line Exists Twice with uniq Getting Specific Information with cut Advanced Text File Filtering and Processing Working with Basic Regular Expressions Working with Programmable Filters Working with sed Manipulating text Files with awk Printing Files Managing CUPS Print Queues Creating Print Jobs Tuning Print Jobs Removing Print Jobs Finding Files Summary Chapter 5: Managing Partitions and Logical Volumes Addressing Storage Devices File System Labels udev Device Names Working with UUID Creating Partitions Understanding Partitions Understanding MBR and GPT Disks Creating MBR Partitions Managing Partitions with fdisk Creating Partitions Telling the Kernel about the New Partitions Deleting Partitions Fixing the Partition Order Creating GPT Partitions with gdisk Working with cfdisk Recovering Lost Partitions with gpart Creating Logical Volumes Understanding Logical Volumes Setting Up a Disk with Logical Volume Manager Creating Physical Volumes Creating Volume Groups Creating Logical Volumes Working with Snapshots Basic LVM Troubleshooting Working with File Systems Understanding File Systems About Inodes and Directories About Superblocks, Inode Bitmaps, and Block Bitmaps Journaling Indexing Btrfs Btrfs Tools and Features Understanding Subvolumes Working with multiple devices in Btrfs Formatting File Systems Maintaining File Systems Analyzing and Repairing Ext Analyzing and Repairing XFS File Systems Resizing File Systems Resizing a File System in a Logical Volume Resizing Partitions with GParted Working with Windows File Systems Cloning Devices Summary Chapter 6: Managing Users and Groups Setting Up User Accounts Understanding Users and Their Properties Username Password UID Group Membership Gecos Field Home Directory Shell Commands for User Management Working with Default Values for User Management Setting Default Values Using /etc/default/useradd Creating a Default environment Using /etc/login.defs Managing Passwords Performing Account Maintenance with passwd Managing Password Expiration Behind the Commands: Configuration Files /etc/ passwd /etc/ shadow Group Membership Creating Groups Commands for Group Management Behind the Commands: /etc/group The Use of Group Passwords Managing the User’s Shell Environment Creating Shell Login Scripts Showing Messages to Users Logging In Applying Quota to Allow a Maximum Amount of Files Installing the Quota Software Preparing the File System for Quota Initializing Quota Setting Quota for Users and Groups Techniques Behind Authentication Understanding Pluggable Authentication Modules Discovering PAM Modules pam_deny pam_env pam_limits pam_mail pam_mkhomedir pam_nologin pam_permit pam_rootok pam_securetty pam_tally pam_ time pam_unix pam_warn The role of /etc/nsswitch.conf Configuring Administrator Tasks with sudo Summary Chapter 7: Managing Permissions Setting Ownership Displaying Ownership Changing User Ownership Changing Group Ownership Default Ownership Basic Permissions: Read, Write, and Execute Understanding Read, Write, and Execute Permissions Applying Read, Write, and Execute Permissions Advanced Permissions Understanding Advanced Permissions Applying Advanced Permissions Working with Access Control Lists Understanding ACLs Preparing Your File System for ACLs Changing and Viewing ACL Settings with setfacl and getfacl Setting Default Permissions with umask Working with Attributes Summary Chapter 8: Managing Software Understanding Software Management Managing RPM Packages Working with RPM Working with yum Managing yum Repositories Managing Software Packages with yum Working with zypper Managing zypper Software Repositories Managing RPM Packages with zypper Managing DEB Packages Managing .deb Software Repositories Ubuntu Package Management Utilities Understanding apt Showing a List of Installed Packages Using aptitude Adding and Removing Software with apt-get Summary Chapter 9: Process and System Management Understanding Linux Processes Monitoring Processes Monitoring Processes with top Finding Processes with ps Finding PIDs with pgrep Showing Parent-Child Relations with pstree Managing Processes Killing Processes with kill, pkill, and killall Killing processes with kill Killing processes with killall Killing processes with pkill Adjusting Process Priority with nice Process Management from top Scheduling Processes Creating user crontabs Understanding cron.{hourly|daily|weekly|monthly} Using /etc/cron.d Summary Chapter 10: System Logging Understanding Logging Monitoring Files in /var/log Configuring the syslog Service Configuring syslog-ng Sending Logs Yourself with logger Rotating Old Log Files Understanding Journald Summary Chapter 11: Configuring the Network A Quick Introduction to Computer Networking Understanding Network Device Naming Setting the IP Address Using the ip Tool Showing Ip addresses with ip Showing Device attributes Setting the IP address Using ifconfig Displaying Information with ifconfig Configuring a Network Card with ifconfig Bringing Interfaces Up and Down with ifconfig Using Virtual Ip addresses with ifconfig Storing Address Configuration Storing IP Address Configuration on Ubuntu Storing IP Address Configuration on Red Hat Storing IP Address Configuration on SUSE Configuring Routing Managing the Default Route with route Managing the Default Route with the ip Tool Storing Routing Information Ubuntu Red Hat Resolving DNS Names to IP Addresses The Role of the /etc/nsswitch.conf File Using the /etc/hosts File Tuning the Network Card with ethtool Analyzing Network Connections Testing Connectivity Testing Routing Testing Availability of Services Using netstat for Services on Your Computer Using nmap to Check Services on remote Computers Connecting Remotely with Secure Shell Working with Public/Private Key Pairs Working with Secure Shell Using the ssh Command Using scp to Copy Files Securely Using sftp for Secured Ftp Sessions Configuring SSH Using SSH Key-Based Authentication A Short Introduction To Cryptography Using P ublic/Private Key–Based Authentication in an SSh Environment Setting Up SSh for Key-Based Authentication Caching Keys with ssh - ssh-agent Tunneling Traffic with SSH X Forwarding Generic tCp port Forwarding Summary Chapter 12: Configuring a File Server Operating File Servers Securely Creating a Samba File Server Background of the Samba Project Configuring a Samba File Server Configuring the Share Creating the User Account Starting Samba Services Working with additional parameters in smb.conf Accessing a Samba File Server Accessing Samba from the Command Line Configuring Samba Access on Booting Basic Samba Troubleshooting Configuring an NFS Server NFS Backgrounds Understanding NFS Processes Configuring an NFS Server Tuning the List of Exported File Systems with exports Configuring an NFS Client Mounting an NFS Share with the mount Command Mounting an NFS Share automatically from fstab Getting a List of available NFS Shares Summary Chapter 13: Working with the Kernel Understanding the Kernel Managing Kernel Modules Listing Modules with lsmod Loading and Unloading Modules with modprobe Displaying Module Properties with modinfo Changing Module Options Managing Module Dependencies Legacy Commands for Module Management Finding the right Hardware Module Tuning Kernel Parameters Writing Changes to /proc Some Useful /proc Parameters Compiling Your Own Kernel and Kernel Modules Understanding Make Modifying and Compiling the Kernel Modifying the Kernel Creating a .config file from Scratch Creating a .config Based on the Default Configuration Compiling a New Kernel Compiling Modules Managing the Grub2 Bootloader Summary Chapter 14: Introduction to Bash Shell Scripting Basic Shell Script Components Elements of a Good Shell Script Executing the Script Making the Script Executable Running the Script as an Argument of the bash Command Sourcing the Script Working with Variables and Input Understanding Variables Variables, Subshells, and Sourcing Working with Script Arguments Using Script arguments Counting the Number of Script Arguments Referring to all Script Arguments Asking for Input Using Command Substitution Substitution Operators Changing Variable Content with Pattern Matching Performing Calculations Using Control Structures Using if ... then ... else Case Using while Using until Using for Summary Appendix A: Installing Linux Installation Requirements Installing CentOS Installing Ubuntu Server Index This is Linux for those of us who don’t mind typing. All Linux users and administrators tend to like the flexibility and speed of Linux administration from the command line in byte–sized chunks, instead of fairly standard graphical user interfaces. __Beginning the Linux Command Line__ is verified against all of the most important Linux distributions, and follows a task–oriented approach which is distribution agnostic. Now this Second Edition of __Beginning the Linux Command Line__ updates to the very latest versions of the Linux Operating System, including the new Btrfs file system and its management, and systemd boot procedure and firewall management with firewalld! * Updated to the latest versions of Linux * Work with files and directories, including Btrfs! * Administer users and security, and deploy firewalld * Understand how Linux is organized, to think Linux! This is Linux for those of us who donĺlt mind typing. All Linux users and administrators tend to like the flexibility and speed of Linux administration from the command line in byteĺlsized chunks, instead of fairly standard graphical user interfaces. Beginning the Linux Command Line is verified against all of the most important Linux distributions, and follows a taskĺloriented approach which is distribution agnostic. Now this Second Edition of Beginning the Linux Command Line updates to the very latest versions of the Linux Operating System, including the new Btrfs file system and its management, and systemd boot procedure and firewall management with firewalld! Updated to the latest versions of Linux Work with files and directories, including Btrfs! Administer users and security, and deploy firewalld Understand how Linux is organized, to think Linux! This is Linux for those of us who don't mind typing. All Linux users and administrators tend to like the flexibility and speed of Linux administration from the command line in byte-sized chunks, instead of fairly standard GUIs. Beginning the Linux Command Line follows a task-oriented approach and is distribution agnostic. Work with files and directories. Administer users and security. Understand how Linux is organized. What you'll learn Finding help from in-system resources Finding the right command for the task you have to accomplish Working with text editors and intelligent filters Shell programming Managing partitions and file systems Configuring access to hardware devices Who is this book for? Everyone who uses Linux. No exceptions.