Behavior Modification: What it is and how to do it, 12th Edition

Behavior Modification is a comprehensive, practical presentation of the principles of behavior modification and guidelines for their application. It introduces forms of behavior modification ranging from helping children learn necessary life skills, to training pets, to solving personal behavior problems. It teaches practical "how-to" skills, including discerning long-term effects; designing, implementing, and evaluating behavioral programs; interpreting behavioral episodes; observing and recording behaviors; and recognizing instances of reinforcement, extinction, and punishment. The material is presented in an engaging, readable format that assumes no prior knowledge of behavior modification or psychology. Specific cases and examples clarify issues and make the principles real. Guidelines throughout provide a ready source to use as a reference in applying the principles. Questions for Learning, an average of 25 per chapter, are included to support students in checking their knowledge of the material when preparing for tests and exams. Application Exercises are also included in most chapters to assist students in the development of the practical skills they will need to complete behavior modification projects effectively. Behavior Modification is ideal for courses in Behavior Modification, Applied Behavior Analysis, Behavior Therapy, the Psychology of Learning, and related areas; and for students and practitioners of various helping professions--such as clinical psychology, counselling, education, medicine, nursing, occupational therapy, physiotherapy, psychiatric nursing, psychiatry, social work, speech therapy, and sport psychology--who are concerned directly with enhancing various forms of behavior development. Cover Half Title Series Title Copyright Dedication Contents Preface About the 12th Edition of This Book Changes in the 12th Edition Digital Materials for Professors and Students: Test Questions, Practica,PowerPoint Slide Material, and Flashcards To the Student Acknowledgments Using This Book to Study for the Behavior Analysis Certification Board®Examinations Part I The Behavior Modification Approach Chapter 1 Introduction What Is Behavior? What Is Behavior Modification? What Is Behavioral Assessment? Historical Highlights of Behavior Modification Current Use of “Behavior Modification,” “Behavior Modifier,” and Related Terms Some Misconceptions About Behavior Modification The Approach of This Book Summary of Chapter 1 Application Exercises Chapter 2 Areas of Application: An Overview Parenting and Child Management Education: From Preschool to University Developmental Disabilities Schizophrenia Psychological Problems Treated in Clinical Settings Self-Management of Personal Problems Medical and Health Care Gerontology Behavioral Community Psychology Business, Industry, and Government Behavioral Sport Psychology Behavior Modification With Diverse Populations Conclusion Summary of Chapter 2 Application Exercises Chapter 3 Defining, Measuring, and Recording Target Behavior Minimal Phases of a Behavior Modification Program Indirect, Direct, and Experimental Behavioral Assessments Characteristics of Behavior for Direct Assessment Strategies for Recording Behavior Minimal Time Strategies for Measuring the Amount of Behavior Assessing the Accuracy of Observations Assessing the Accuracy of a Treatment Data! Data! Data! Why Bother? Summary of Chapter 3 Application Exercises Chapter 4 Doing Behavior Modification Research The Reversal-Replication (ABAB) Design Multiple-Baseline Designs The Changing-Criterion Design Alternating-Treatments or Multielement Design Data Analysis and Interpretation Single-Subject versus Control-Group Designs Summary of Chapter 4 Application Exercises Part II Basic Behavioral Principles and Procedures Chapter 5 Respondent (Classical, Pavlovian) Conditioning of Reflexive Behavior Behavioral Principles and Procedures Principle of Respondent Conditioning Higher-Order Conditioning Respondently Conditioned Responses Procedures for Eliminating a Conditioned Reflex Generalization and Discrimination of Respondent Behavior Applications of Respondent Conditioning and Extinction An Introduction to Operant Conditioning: Another Type of Learning Summary of Chapter 5 Application Exercises Chapter 6 Increasing a Behavior With Positive Reinforcement Positive Reinforcement Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Positive Reinforcement Pitfalls of Positive Reinforcement Guidelines for the Effective Application of Positive Reinforcement Summary of Chapter 6 Application Exercises Chapter 7 Increasing Behavior With Conditioned Reinforcement Unconditioned and Conditioned Reinforcers Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Conditioned Reinforcement Pitfalls of Conditioned Reinforcement Guidelines for the Effective Application of Conditioned Reinforcement Summary of Chapter 7 Application Exercises Chapter 8 Decreasing a Behavior With Operant Extinction Operant Extinction Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Operant Extinction Pitfalls of Operant Extinction Guidelines for the Effective Application of Operant Extinction Summary of Chapter 8 Application Exercises Chapter 9 Getting a New Behavior to Occur With Shaping Shaping Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Shaping Pitfalls of Shaping Guidelines for the Effective Application of Shaping Summary of Chapter 9 Application Exercises Chapter 10 Developing Behavioral Persistence With Schedules of Reinforcement Some Definitions Ratio Schedules Simple Interval Schedules Schedules With a Limited Hold Duration Schedules Overview of Six Commonly Used Intermittent Reinforcement Schedules for Increasing and Maintaining Behavior Effects of Intermittent Reinforcement With Animals Versus Humans Concurrent Schedules of Reinforcement Pitfalls of Intermittent Reinforcement Guidelines for the Effective Application of Intermittent Reinforcement Summary of Chapter 10 Application Exercises Chapter 11 Responding at the Right Time and Place: Operant Stimulus Discrimination and Stimulus Generalization Learning to Respond at the Right Time and Place Controlling Stimuli of Operant Behavior: SDs and S∆s Operant Stimulus Discrimination Operant Stimulus Generalization Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Operant Stimulus Discrimination Training Pitfalls of Operant Stimulus Discrimination Training Guidelines for Effective Operant Stimulus Discrimination Training Summary of Chapter 11 Application Exercises Chapter 12 Changing the Stimulus Control of a Behavior With Fading Fading Dimensions of Stimuli for Fading Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Fading Fading Versus Shaping Pitfalls of Fading Guidelines for the Effective Application of Fading Summary of Chapter 12 Application Exercises Chapter 13 Getting a New Sequence of Behaviors to Occur With Behavior Chaining Behavior Chaining Methods for Teaching a Behavioral Chain Chaining Compared With Fading and Shaping Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Behavioral Chaining Pitfalls of Behavioral Chaining Guidelines for the Effective Application of Behavioral Chaining Summary of Chapter 13 Application Exercises Chapter 14 Differential Reinforcement Procedures to Decrease Behavior Decreasing Operant Behavior Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates Differential Reinforcement of Zero Responding Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior Pitfalls of Differential Reinforcement Procedures for Decreasing Behavior Guidelines for the Effective Application of Differential Reinforcement to Decrease Behavior Summary of Chapter 14 Application Exercises Chapter 15 Decreasing Behavior With Punishment The Principle of Punishment Types of Punisher Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Punishment Some Examples of Therapeutic Punishment Potential Harmful Side Effects of Punishment Should Punishment Be Used? Pitfalls of Punishment Guidelines for the Effective Application of Punishment Summary of Chapter 15 Application Exercises Chapter 16 Establishing Behavior by Escape and Avoidance Conditioning Escape Conditioning (Negative Reinforcement) Avoidance Conditioning Pitfalls of Escape and Avoidance Conditioning Guidelines for the Effective Application of Escape and Avoidance Conditioning Summary of Chapter 16 Application Exercises Chapter 17 Respondent and Operant Conditioning Together Respondent and Operant Conditioning Compared Operant–Respondent Interactions Respondent and Operant Components of Emotions Respondent and Operant Components of Thinking Private Thoughts and Feelings: More Respondent-Operant Interactions Summary of Chapter 17 Application Exercises Chapter 18 Transferring Behavior to New Settings and Making It Last: Programming of Generality of Behavior Change Generality Programming Generality of Operant Behavior Programming Generality of Respondent Behavior Pitfalls of Generality Guidelines for Programming Generality of Operant Behavior Summary of Chapter 18 Application Exercises Part III Capitalizing on Operant Antecedent Control Procedures Chapter 19 Antecedent Control: Rules and Goals Antecedent Control of Operant Behavior Rules Goals Summary of Chapter 19 Application Exercises Chapter 20 Antecedent Control: Modeling, Physical Guidance, and Situational Inducement Capitalizing on Existing Stimulus Control Modeling Physical Guidance Situational Inducement Summary of Chapter 20 Application Exercises Chapter 21 Antecedent Control: Motivation A Traditional View of Motivation A Behavioral View of Motivation Some Applications of Motivating Operations Motivating Operations and Behavior Modification Summary of Chapter 21 Application Exercises Part IV Putting It All Together to Develop Effective Behavioral Programs Chapter 22 Functional Assessment of Causes of Problem Behavior Functional Assessment Procedures Major Causes of Operant Problem Behaviors Respondent or Elicited Problem Behaviors Medical Causes of Problem Behaviors Guidelines for Conducting a Functional Assessment Summary of Chapter 22 Application Exercises Chapter 23 Planning, Applying, and Evaluating a Behavioral Program Deciding Whether to Design a Program Following a Referral Selection and Implementation of a Pre-Program Assessment Procedure Strategies of Program Design Preliminary Implementation Considerations Implement the Program Program Maintenance and Evaluation Summary of Chapter 23 Application Exercises Chapter 24 Token Economies A Token Economy Steps for Setting Up and Managing a Token Economy Generality Programming to the Natural Environment Contingency Management Ethical Considerations A Summary of Considerations Necessary in Designing a Token Economy Research on Token Economies Summary of Chapter 24 Application Exercises Chapter 25 Helping an Individual to Develop Self-Control Causes of Self-Control Problems A Behavioral Model for Self-Control Steps in a Self-Control Program Circumvention of the Therapist Summary of Chapter 25 Application Exercises Part V Behavior Therapy for Psychological Disorders Chapter 26 Behavioral Approaches to Psychotherapy: Cognitive Restructuring, Self-Directed Coping Methods, and Mindfulness and Acceptance Procedures Introduction to Behavioral Approaches to Psychotherapy A Behavioral Interpretation of Aspects of the Therapies in This Chapter Concluding Comments Summary of Chapter 26 Application Exercises Chapter 27 Psychological Disorders Treated by Behavioral and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies Specific Phobias Other Anxiety Disorders Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Depression Alcohol and Other Addictive Substance Use Disorders Eating Disorders Insomnia Couple Distress Sexual Dysfunction Habit Disorders Summary of Chapter 27 Part VI A Historical Perspective and Ethical Issues Chapter 28 Giving It All Some Perspective: A Brief History The Pavlovian-Wolpean Orientation The Operant Conditioning Orientation: Applied Behavior Analysis Social Learning Theory Cognitive Behavior Therapy The Terms Behavior Modification, Behavior Therapy, Cognitive Behavior Modification, Cognitive Behavior Therapy, and Applied Behavior Analysis The Development of Behavior Modification Around the World The Future of Behavior Modification Summary of Chapter 28 Chapter 29 Ethical Issues A Behavioral View of Ethics Arguments Against Deliberately Controlling Behavior Ethical Guidelines Summary of Chapter 29 and Conclusion Glossary References Author Index Subject Index