Behavioral Neuroscience

For 20 years, instructors have relied on the textbook Biological Psychology for a definitive and comprehensive survey of the neuroscience of behavior. Thanks to the explosion of work in the neurosciences, each of the seven editions has included more neural details than the one before. Thus the time has come to revise the title to reflect the evolution of both the book and the field: Behavioral Neuroscience. Behavioral Neuroscience, Eighth Edition, provides undergraduates with a lively survey of the field. It offers a broad perspective, encompassing cutting edge neuroscience, lucid descriptions of behavior, evolutionary and developmental perspectives, and clinical applications of research. Despite this comprehensive range of material, the authors have striven in the latest revision to lay bare the neuroscience concepts underlying behavior with concision and clarity. Special Features: - Learning is supported by a best-in-class full-color art program, including hundreds of original illustrations that make it easy to understand structures, mechanisms, and processes in the brain. Many additional graphical elements have been reproduced from primary research sources, bringing the learner closer to the science behind the subject matter. - Every chapter includes a special feature called "The Cutting Edge" that highlights an up-to-the-moment discovery or technical innovation, while illustrating the logic and methodology of experimentation and hypothesis testing - Each chapter ends with a unique feature, the "Visual Summary," a poster-like layout that provides a graphical review of the major topics of the chapter and directs students to the figures and online animations that reinforce each point. - The text is supported by a rich array of internet-based resources. - Over 500 new citations keep the text current and an excellent resource. Thorough and reader-friendly, Behavioral Neuroscience, Eighth Edition, reveals the fascinating relationships between the brain and behavior. Biological Psychology Newslink This continuously updated site provides links to thousands of news stories in the field, all organized by both keyword and textbook chapter. The site is designed to help instructors keep up with the latest news in the field and find interesting topics for lectures or discussions and to provide students with an appreciation of the wide-ranging applications of the material they are studying in the course. For Students Companion Website Each new copy of the textbook includes 180-day access to the Companion Website. The Behavioral Neuroscience Companion Website contains a wide range of study and review resources to help students master the material presented in the textbook, as well as coverage of additional topics. For each chapter of the textbook, the site includes: \* Chapter Outlines that outline each chapter and link to relevant Study Questions \* Visual Summaries that link to all of the Activities and Videos, forming a complete review of each chapter \* Study Questions that help the student master the full range of material in each chapter \* Animations & Videos that illustrate many of the complex, dynamic concepts and processes of biological psychology \* Activities that help the student review key structures and processes \* Online Quizzes (including both multiple-choice and essay questions) that test the student's grasp of the material, with results stored in the online gradebook (instructor registration required) \* Flashcards activities that review and reinforce the many new terms introduced in each chapter \* "A Step Further," offering advanced coverage of selected topics, allowing students to explore topics more deeply \* A Glossary that provides quick access to definitions of all the important terminology in the textbook For Instructors Instructor's Resource Library The Behavioral Neuroscience, Eighth Edition, Instructor's Resource Library includes a variety of resources to aid you in the planning of your course, the development of your lectures, and the assessment of your students, including: \* Figures and Tables: All of the line-art illustrations, photographs, and tables from the textbook are provided as both high-resolution and low-resolution JPEGs, all optimized for use in presentation software (such as PowerPoint) \* PowerPoint Resources: Two different types of PowerPoint presentations are provided for each chapter of the textbook: - All figures, photos, and tables - A complete lecture presentation, including selected figures \* Videos: New for the eighth edition, a robust collection of video segments from the BBC and other sources bring to life may of the important concepts discussed in the textbook. Excellent as lecture-starters and discussion topics. \* Animations: These detailed animations help enliven lectures and illustrate dynamic processes. \* Instructor's Manual and Test Bank in Word format (details below) \* Computerized Test Bank: The entire Test Bank is provided in Diploma format (software included) making it easy to quickly assemble exams using any combination of publisher-provided and custom questions. Includes the Companion Website quiz questions. Instructor's Manual (included in the Instructor's Resource Library) The Behavioral Neuroscience Instructor's Manual and Test Bank includes useful resources for planning your course, lectures, and exams. For each chapter of the textbook, the IM includes the following: \* A Chapter Overview that gives a big-picture snapshot of what is covered in the chapter \* A complete Chapter Outline \* A set of Key Concepts that break the chapter down into its core elements \* Additional References for lecture/course development Test Bank (included in the Instructor's Resource Library) A comprehensive set of questions is provided for each chapter, including multiple-choice, fill-in-the-blank, matching, essay, definition, and paragraph development questions that cover the full range of material in the chapter (Companion Website quiz questions included). Online Quizzing The Companion Website includes online quizzes that can be assigned by instructors or used as self-review exercises. For each chapter of the textbook, a set of multiple-choice questions and a set of essay questions are provided. Quizzes can be customized with any combination of the default questions and an instructor's own questions, and can be assigned as desired. Results of the quizzes are stored in the online gradebook. (Instructors must register in order for their students to be able to take the quizzes.) Cover......Page 1 Title......Page 7 Copyright......Page 8 Preface......Page 19 Media and Supplements......Page 23 Brief Contents......Page 10 Contents......Page 11 1. Behavioral Neuroscience: Scope and Outlook......Page 27 What Is Behavioral Neuroscience?......Page 28 Five Viewpoints Explore the Biology of Behavior......Page 29 The body and behavior develop over the life span......Page 30 Three Approaches Relate Brain and Behavior......Page 32 Behavioral neuroscience and social psychology are related......Page 34 Behavioral Neuroscientists Use Several Levels of Analysis......Page 36 The Brain and Behavior Are Reciprocally Related......Page 37 Behavioral Neuroscience Contributes to Our Understanding of Human Disorders......Page 38 Animal Research Makes Vital Contributions......Page 39 Renaissance scientists began to understand brain anatomy......Page 40 The concept of localization of function arose in the nineteenth century......Page 42 Consciousness is a thorny problem......Page 44 Visual Summary......Page 47 PART I Biological Foundations of Behavior......Page 49 2. Functional Neuroanatomy: The Nervous System and Behavior......Page 51 The neuron has four structural divisions specialized for information processing......Page 52 Neurons can be classified by shape, size, or function......Page 53 Information is received through synapses......Page 54 The axon integrates and then transmits information......Page 58 Glial cells support and enhance neural activity......Page 59 The peripheral nervous system has two divisions......Page 62 The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord......Page 66 The cerebral cortex performs complex cognitive processing......Page 71 Subcortical structures are involved in movement and the regulation of emotions......Page 72 The cerebellum is attached to the pons and is crucial for motor coordination......Page 73 Behaviors and cognitive abilities are determined by functional connections between brain regions......Page 74 The cerebral ventricles are chambers filled with fluid......Page 75 The brain has an elaborate vascular system......Page 76 Brain-Imaging Techniques Reveal the Structure and Function of the Living Human Brain......Page 77 Measurements of density can be used to map the structure of the brain......Page 78 Functional-imaging techniques map regional brain activity during behaviors......Page 79 Sophisticated imaging techniques are powerful tools requiring cautious interpretation......Page 81 Visual Summary......Page 84 3. Neurophysiology: The Generation, Transmission, and Integration of Neural Signals......Page 87 A balance of electrochemical forces produces the resting membrane potential of neurons......Page 88 A threshold amount of depolarization triggers an action potential......Page 92 Ionic mechanisms underlie the action potential......Page 94 Action potentials are actively propagated along the axon......Page 95 Synapses Cause Graded, Local Changes in the Postsynaptic Membrane Potential......Page 100 Synapses can be excitatory or inhibitory......Page 101 Spatial summation and temporal summation integrate synaptic inputs......Page 102 Synaptic Transmission Requires a Sequence of Events......Page 105 Receptor molecules recognize transmitters......Page 106 Transmitters bind to receptors, gating ion channels......Page 109 Several factors regulate neurotransmitter release......Page 110 Neurons and Synapses Combine to Make Circuits......Page 112 Seizure disorders result from electrical storms in the brain......Page 114 Event-related potentials measure changes resulting from discrete stimuli......Page 116 Visual Summary......Page 119 4. The Chemistry of Behavior: Neurotransmitters and Neuropharmacology......Page 121 Synaptic Transmission Is a Complex Electrochemical Process......Page 122 Many Chemical Neurotransmitters Have Been Identified......Page 124 The most abundant excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in the brain are amino acids......Page 125 Acetylcholine was the first neurotransmitter to be identified......Page 126 Five monoamines act as neurotransmitters......Page 127 The Effects of a Drug Depend on Its Site of Action and Dose......Page 129 Drugs fit like keys into molecular locks......Page 130 Dose-response relationships reflect the potency and safety of drugs......Page 131 Repeated treatments may reduce the effectiveness of drugs......Page 132 Drugs are administered and eliminated in many different ways......Page 133 Some drugs alter presynaptic events......Page 135 Drugs may act postsynaptically......Page 137 Antipsychotics relieve schizophrenia......Page 138 Anxiolytics combat anxiety......Page 139 Opiates potently relieve pain......Page 140 Cannabinoids have a wide array of effects......Page 141 Stimulants increase the activity of the nervous system......Page 142 Alcohol acts as both a stimulant and a depressant......Page 144 Hallucinogenic and dissociative drugs alter sensory perception......Page 145 Drug Abuse and Addiction Are Widespread Problems......Page 147 Several perspectives help us understand drug abuse......Page 148 Drug abuse and dependence can be prevented or treated in multiple ways......Page 152 Visual Summary ......Page 155 5. Hormones and the Brain......Page 157 Hormones Have Many Actions in the Body......Page 158 The scientific method established the importance of testicular hormones......Page 159 Organisms use several types of chemical communication......Page 160 Neuroendocrine cells blend neuronal and endocrine functions......Page 161 Hormones can be classified by chemical structure......Page 162 Hormones affect cells by influencing their growth and activity......Page 163 Hormones initiate actions by binding to receptor molecules......Page 164 Each Endocrine Gland Secretes Specific Hormones......Page 169 The pituitary gland releases many important hormones......Page 170 Hypothalamic releasing hormones govern the anterior pituitary......Page 172 Two divisions of the adrenal gland produce hormones......Page 175 Thyroid hormones regulate growth and metabolism......Page 176 The gonads produce steroid hormones, regulating reproduction......Page 177 The pineal gland secretes melatonin......Page 180 Hormones can affect social behavior......Page 181 Hormonal and Neural Systems Interact to Produce Integrated Responses......Page 182 Visual Summary......Page 185 PART II Evolution and Development of the Nervous System......Page 187 6. Evolution of the Brain and Behavior......Page 189 Natural selection drives evolution......Page 190 Modern evolutionary theory combines natural selection and genetics......Page 191 How closely related are two species?......Page 192 Newer methods aid in classifying animals and inferring evolution......Page 193 Why Should We Study Other Species?......Page 194 Complicated lives require complicated brains......Page 196 Simpler invertebrate nervous systems provide models of neural function......Page 197 The main brain structures are the same in all mammals......Page 198 All vertebrate nervous systems share certain main features but differ in others......Page 200 Present-day animals and fossils reveal evolution of the brain......Page 201 Through evolution, vertebrate brains have changed in both size and organization......Page 202 Brain size evolved independently in multiple lineages......Page 203 Hominin brains enlarged rapidly in our recent evolution......Page 206 Negative and positive selection pressures affected hominin brain size......Page 207 Sexual selection may have contributed to hominin brain expansion......Page 209 Primate species differ in gene expression......Page 210 Evolution Continues Today......Page 212 Visual Summary ......Page 216 7. Life-Span Development of the Brain and Behavior......Page 219 Cell proliferation produces cells that become neurons or glial cells......Page 221 New nerve cells migrate......Page 224 Cells in newly formed brain regions differentiate into neurons......Page 226 The axons and dendrites of young neurons grow extensively and form synapses......Page 227 The death of many neurons is a normal part of development......Page 228 Neurotrophic factors allow neurons to survive and grow......Page 230 Synaptic connections are refined by synapse rearrangement......Page 231 Glial cells provide myelin, which is vital for brain function......Page 234 Genes are important intrinsic factors influencing brain development......Page 236 Experience regulates gene expression in the developing and mature brain......Page 240 Visual deprivation can lead to blindness......Page 243 Early exposure to visual patterns helps fine-tune connections in the visual system......Page 244 Memory impairment correlates with hippocampal shrinkage during aging......Page 246 Alzheimer’s disease is associated with a decline in cerebral metabolism......Page 247 Visual Summary ......Page 252 PART III Perception and Action......Page 253 8. General Principles of Sensory Processing, Touch, and Pain......Page 255 Sensory Receptor Organs Detect Energy or Substances......Page 256 Sensory systems of particular animals have restricted ranges of responsiveness......Page 257 Sensory Processing Begins in Receptor Cells......Page 258 The initial stage of sensory processing is a change in electrical potential in receptor cells......Page 259 Sensory Information Processing Is Selective and Analytical......Page 260 Coding: Sensory events are represented by action potentials......Page 261 Suppression: Sometimes we need receptors to be quiet......Page 262 Pathways: Successive levels of the nervous system process sensory information......Page 263 Receptive fields: What turns on this particular receptor cell?......Page 264 Attention: How do we notice some stimuli but not others?......Page 265 Sensory systems influence one another......Page 267 Skin Is a Complex Organ That Contains a Variety of Sensory Receptors......Page 268 The Dorsal Column System Carries Somatosensory Information from the Skin to the Brain......Page 271 Plasticity in cortical maps: Receptive fields can be changed by experience......Page 272 Human Pain Can Be Measured......Page 274 Peripheral receptors get the initial message......Page 275 Spinal pathways transmit pain information......Page 278 The reign of pain is mainly in the brain......Page 279 Social Rejection Hurts Too......Page 280 Different strategies can alleviate pain......Page 281 Visual Summary ......Page 287 9. Hearing, Vestibular Perception, Taste, and Smell......Page 289 Pressure Waves in the Air Are Perceived as Sound......Page 290 The external ear captures, focuses, and filters sound......Page 291 The middle ear concentrates sound energies......Page 292 The cochlea converts vibrational energy into waves of fluid......Page 293 Active mechanical processes in the cochlea enhance frequency discrimination......Page 296 Auditory Signals Run from Cochlea to Cortex......Page 297 Pitch Information Is Encoded in Two Complementary Ways......Page 299 Brainstem Auditory Systems Are Specialized for Localizing Sounds......Page 300 Experience affects auditory perception and the auditory pathways......Page 303 There are three main causes of hearing loss and deafness......Page 305 Treatments for deafness focus on replacing missing stimulation......Page 307 An Inner Ear System Senses Gravity and Acceleration......Page 309 Nerve Fibers from the Vestibular Portion of the Vestibulocochlear Nerve (VIII) Synapse in the Brainstem......Page 310 Some Forms of Vestibular Excitation Produce Motion Sickness......Page 311 Tastes excite specialized receptor cells on the tongue......Page 312 Different cellular processes transduce the basic tastes......Page 313 Taste information is transmitted to several parts of the brain......Page 316 The sense of smell starts with receptor neurons in the nose......Page 317 Odorants excite specialized receptor molecules on olfactory receptor neurons......Page 318 Olfactory axons connect with the olfactory bulb, which sends its output to several brain regions......Page 320 Many vertebrates possess a vomeronasal system......Page 321 Visual Summary ......Page 324 The Visual System Extends from the Eye to the Brain......Page 327 Visual processing begins in the retina......Page 328 Photoreceptors transduce light into chemical reactions......Page 330 Different mechanisms enable the eyes to work over a wide range of light intensities......Page 332 Acuity is best in foveal vision......Page 333 Brightness is created by the visual system......Page 334 Neural Signals Travel from the Retina to Several Brain Regions......Page 335 The retina projects to the brain in a topographic fashion......Page 337 Photoreceptors excite some retinal neurons and inhibit others......Page 339 Neurons in the retina and the LGN have concentric receptive fields......Page 340 Neurons in the visual cortex have varied and complicated receptive fields......Page 341 Most cells in the primary visual cortex are tuned to particular spatial frequencies......Page 343 Neurons in the visual cortex beyond area V1 have complex receptive fields and contribute to the identification of forms......Page 345 Area V1 Is Organized in Columns......Page 347 Color perception requires receptor cells that differ in their sensitivities to different wavelengths......Page 349 Some retinal ganglion cells and parvocellular LGN cells show spectral opponency......Page 352 Some visual cortical cells and regions appear to be specialized for color perception......Page 353 The Many Cortical Visual Areas Are Organized into Two Major Streams......Page 354 Impairment of vision often can be prevented or reduced......Page 356 Increased exercise can restore function to a previously deprived or neglected eye......Page 357 Visual Summary ......Page 360 The Behavioral View Considers Reflexes versus Plans......Page 363 The Control Systems View Considers Accuracy versus Speed......Page 364 The skeletal system enables particular movements and precludes others......Page 366 Muscles control the actions of the skeletal system......Page 367 Neural messages reach muscle fibers at the neuromuscular junction......Page 369 Sensory feedback from muscles, tendons, and joints monitors movements......Page 371 Spinal reflexes mediate “automatic” responses......Page 373 Spinal cord injuries cause severe motor impairments......Page 374 Pathways from the Brain Control Different Aspects of Movements......Page 376 Primary motor cortex is an executive motor control mechanism—and more......Page 377 Nonprimary motor cortex aids complex behaviors......Page 382 Mirror neurons in premotor cortex track movements in others......Page 383 The basal ganglia modulate movements......Page 384 The cerebellum and the basal ganglia contribute differently to the modulation of motor functions......Page 385 Cerebral cortex pathology causes some motor impairments......Page 386 In Parkinson’s disease the death of dopaminergic neurons alters activity of the basal ganglia......Page 387 Huntington’s disease is characterized by excessive movement caused by deterioration of the basal ganglia......Page 390 Cerebellar damage causes many types of impairment......Page 391 Visual Summary ......Page 394 PART IV Regulation and Behavior......Page 395 12. Sex: Evolutionary, Hormonal, and Neural Bases......Page 397 Reproductive Behavior Can Be Divided into Four Stages......Page 398 Copulation brings gametes together......Page 400 Gonadal steroids activate sexual behavior......Page 401 Androgens act on a neural system for male reproductive behavior......Page 402 Pheromones Guide Reproductive Behavior in Many Species......Page 404 The Hallmark of Human Sexual Behavior Is Diversity......Page 405 Hormones play only a permissive role in human sexual behavior......Page 407 For Many Vertebrates, Parental Care Determines Offspring Survival......Page 408 Sex Determination and Sexual Differentiation Occur Early in Development......Page 409 Gonadal hormones direct sexual differentiation of the body......Page 410 Dysfunctional androgen receptors can block male masculinization......Page 412 Some people seem to change sex at puberty......Page 413 Gonadal Hormones Direct Sexual Differentiation of the Brain and Behavior......Page 414 Early testicular secretions result in masculine behavior in adulthood......Page 415 The estrogenic metabolites of testosterone masculinize the nervous system and behavior of rodents......Page 416 Several regions of the nervous system differ between males and females......Page 418 Environmental influences also affect sexual differentiation of the nervous system......Page 420 Do Fetal Hormones Masculinize Human Behaviors in Adulthood?......Page 421 What determines a person’s sexual orientation?......Page 423 Visual Summary ......Page 427 Homeostasis Maintains a Consistent Internal Environment: The Example of Thermoregulation......Page 429 Homeostatic systems share several key features......Page 430 Osmotic thirst is triggered by increased saltiness of the extracellular fluid......Page 436 Homeostatic regulation of salt is required for effective regulation of water......Page 437 Hypovolemic thirst is triggered by a loss of water volume......Page 438 We don’t stop drinking just because the throat and mouth are wet......Page 439 Nutrient Regulation Helps Prepare for Future Needs......Page 440 Most of our food is used to provide us with energy......Page 441 We can store energy for future needs......Page 443 Insulin Is Crucial for the Regulation of Body Metabolism......Page 444 The Hypothalamus Coordinates Multiple Systems That Control Hunger......Page 445 Multiple peripheral signals are integrated by a hypothalamic appetite network......Page 446 Other systems also play a role in hunger and satiety......Page 450 Obesity Is Difficult to Treat......Page 452 Eating Disorders Are Life-Threatening......Page 454 Visual Summary ......Page 457 Many Animals Show Daily Rhythms in Activity......Page 459 Circadian rhythms are generated by an endogenous clock......Page 460 Transplants prove that the SCN produces a circadian rhythm......Page 461 In mammals, light information from the eyes reaches the SCN directly......Page 462 Circadian rhythms have been genetically dissected in flies and mice......Page 463 Some Biological Rhythms Are Longer or Shorter than a Day......Page 465 Human Sleep Exhibits Different Stages......Page 466 How much do we sleep, and when?......Page 468 We do our most vivid dreaming during REM sleep......Page 469 REM sleep evolved in some vertebrates......Page 470 Mammals sleep more during infancy than in adulthood......Page 471 Most people sleep appreciably less as they age......Page 472 Sleep deprivation predictably alters sleep patterns......Page 473 What Are the Biological Functions of Sleep?......Page 475 Sleep enforces niche adaptation......Page 476 Sleep aids memory consolidation......Page 477 The forebrain generates slow-wave sleep......Page 479 The pons triggers REM sleep......Page 481 A hypothalamic sleep center was revealed by the study of narcolepsy......Page 482 Some minor dysfunctions are associated with sleep......Page 484 Insomniacs have trouble falling asleep or staying asleep......Page 485 Although many drugs affect sleep, there is no perfect sleeping pill......Page 486 Visual Summary ......Page 490 PART V Emotions and Mental Disorders......Page 491 15. Emotions, Aggression, and Stress......Page 493 Do emotions cause bodily changes, or vice versa?......Page 494 Stanley Schachter proposed a cognitive interpretation of stimuli and visceral states......Page 495 How may emotion and emotional displays have evolved?......Page 498 Individuals differ in their emotional responsiveness......Page 499 Facial expressions have complex functions in communication......Page 500 Facial expressions are mediated by muscles, cranial nerves, and CNS pathways......Page 502 Do Distinct Brain Circuits Mediate Different Emotions?......Page 503 Brain lesions affect emotions......Page 504 Fear is mediated by circuitry that includes the amygdala......Page 505 Different emotions activate different regions of the human brain......Page 509 Androgens seem to increase aggression......Page 511 The biopsychology of human violence is a topic of controversy......Page 513 The stress response has multiple stages......Page 514 Individual differences in the stress response......Page 516 Emotions and stress influence the immune system......Page 517 Why does stress suppress the immune system?......Page 520 Visual Summary ......Page 524 16. Psychopathology: Biological Basis of Behavioral Disorders......Page 525 Schizophrenia Is the Major Neurobiological Challenge in Psychiatry......Page 526 Schizophrenia is characterized by an unusual array of symptoms......Page 527 Schizophrenia has a heritable component......Page 528 The brains of some patients with schizophrenia show structural and functional changes......Page 530 Antipsychotic medications revolutionized the treatment of schizophrenia......Page 534 An integrative psychobiological model of schizophrenia emphasizes the interaction of multiple factors......Page 538 Bipolar disorder has a lot in common with schizophrenia......Page 540 Inheritance is an important determinant of depression......Page 542 A wide variety of treatments are available for depression......Page 543 The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is involved in depression......Page 545 Why do more females than males suffer from depression?......Page 546 Sleep characteristics change in affective disorders......Page 547 Scientists are still searching for animal models of depression......Page 548 Drug treatment of anxiety provides clues to the mechanisms of this disorder......Page 549 In posttraumatic stress disorder, horrible memories won’t go away......Page 550 In obsessive-compulsive disorder, thoughts and acts keep repeating......Page 551 Visual Summary ......Page 557 PART VI Cognitive Neuroscience......Page 559 17. Learning and Memory......Page 561 For patient H.M., the present vanished into oblivion......Page 562 Medial temporal lobe structures are crucial for declarative memory......Page 564 Damage to the medial diencephalon can also cause amnesia......Page 566 The cortex is essential for long-term storage of memories......Page 567 Specific functions depend on different forms of nondeclarative memory......Page 568 Medial temporal mechanisms keep track of positions in spatial, temporal, and social networks......Page 570 Successive Processes Capture, Store, and Retrieve Information in the Brain......Page 571 A variety of brain regions are involved in different attributes of working memory......Page 572 STM and LTM involve several different processes......Page 574 Plastic changes at synapses can be physiological or structural......Page 579 Varied experiences and learning cause the brain to change and grow......Page 581 Invertebrate Nervous Systems Show Plasticity......Page 582 Some Simple Learning in Mammals Relies on Circuits in the Cerebellum......Page 584 Synaptic Plasticity Can Be Measured in Simple Hippocampal Circuits......Page 585 NMDA receptors and AMPA receptors collaborate in LTP......Page 587 Is LTP a mechanism of memory formation?......Page 589 In the Adult Brain, Newly Born Neurons May Aid Learning......Page 591 Learning and Memory Change as We Age......Page 592 Can the effects of aging on memory be prevented or alleviated?......Page 593 Visual Summary ......Page 597 18. Attention and Higher Cognition......Page 599 Attention Selects Stimuli for Processing......Page 600 There are limits on attention......Page 601 We can decide where to direct our attention......Page 603 Some stimuli grab our attention......Page 605 Attention helps us to search a cluttered world for specific patterns......Page 606 Attention Affects the Functioning of the Brain......Page 608 Distinctive patterns of brain electrical activity mark shifts of attention......Page 609 Neuroimaging confirms that the anatomical foci of attention show augmented processing......Page 611 Attention alters the functioning of individual neurons......Page 612 The superior colliculus guides attentional eye movements......Page 614 Several cortical areas are crucial for generating and directing attention......Page 615 Multiple brain regions collaborate in networks that govern attention......Page 616 Disorders Provide Clues about the Organization of Attention......Page 618 Neglect of one side of the body and space can result from parietal lobe injury......Page 619 Difficulty with sustained attention can sometimes be relieved with stimulants......Page 620 Consciousness Is a Mysterious Product of the Brain......Page 621 Which brain regions are active when we are conscious?......Page 622 Some aspects of consciousness are easier to study than others......Page 624 The frontal lobes are a crucial part of the executive system that guides our thoughts, feelings, and choices......Page 627 Frontal lobe injury in humans leads to emotional, motor, and cognitive changes......Page 628 Frontal mechanisms sift alternatives, evaluate risk and reward, and guide decisions accordingly......Page 630 Visual Summary ......Page 633 19. Language and Lateralization......Page 635 Disconnection of the cerebral hemispheres reveals their individual specializations......Page 636 The two hemispheres process information differently in most humans......Page 638 The left and right hemispheres differ in their auditory specializations......Page 639 Handedness is associated with cerebral lateralization......Page 641 In prosopagnosia, faces are unrecognizable......Page 643 Language Disorders Result from Region-Specific Brain Damage......Page 645 Lesions of a left anterior speech zone cause nonfluent (or Broca’s) aphasia......Page 646 Lesions of a left posterior speech zone cause fluent (or Wernicke’s) aphasia......Page 647 Widespread left-hemisphere damage can obliterate language capabilities......Page 648 Competing Models Describe the Left-Hemisphere Language System......Page 649 Cortical stimulation mapping provides precise identification of language areas......Page 651 Functional neuroimaging tracks activity in the brain’s language zones......Page 653 Language Has Both Learned and Unlearned Components......Page 656 Nonhuman primates engage in elaborate vocal behavior......Page 659 Brain damage may cause specific impairments in reading......Page 662 Some people struggle to read throughout their lives......Page 663 Stabilization and Reorganization Are Crucial for Recovery of Function......Page 665 The brain regrows and reorganizes anatomically after being injured......Page 666 Rehabilitation and retraining can help recovery from brain and spinal cord injury......Page 667 Visual Summary ......Page 670 Genetic information is stored in molecules of DNA......Page 671 RNA molecules direct the formation of protein molecules......Page 672 Molecular Biologists Have Craftily Enslaved Microorganisms and Enzymes......Page 673 Southern blots identify particular genes......Page 674 Western blots identify particular proteins......Page 676 Gene Editing Enables the Creation of Model Organisms......Page 678 A......Page 681 B......Page 684 C......Page 685 D......Page 688 E......Page 690 F......Page 692 G......Page 693 H......Page 694 I......Page 695 L......Page 696 M......Page 697 N......Page 699 O......Page 701 P......Page 702 R......Page 705 S......Page 706 T......Page 710 V......Page 712 Z......Page 713 Illustration Credits......Page 715 A......Page 717 B......Page 719 C......Page 724 D......Page 728 E......Page 731 F......Page 732 G......Page 734 H......Page 738 J......Page 741 K......Page 742 L......Page 746 M......Page 750 N......Page 755 P......Page 757 R......Page 761 S......Page 764 T......Page 770 V......Page 773 W......Page 774 X......Page 776 Z......Page 777 Author Index......Page 779 A......Page 793 B......Page 795 C......Page 796 D......Page 798 E......Page 799 F......Page 800 H......Page 801 I......Page 802 M......Page 803 N......Page 805 P......Page 806 R......Page 808 S......Page 809 T......Page 811 V......Page 812 Z......Page 813 About the Book......Page 815 Companion Website Access Instructions......Page 3 Companion Website Resources......Page 4 For 20 years, instructors have relied on the textbook 'Biological psychology' for a definitive and comprehensive survey of the neuroscience of behaviour. Thanks to the explosion of work in the neurosciences, each of the seven editions has included more neural details than the one before. Thus the time has come to revise the title to reflect the evolution of both the book and the field: behavioural neuroscience. 'Behavioral neuroscience', Eighth Edition, provides undergraduates with a lively survey of the field. It offers a broad perspective, encompassing cutting edge neuroscience, lucid descriptions of behaviour, evolutionary and developmental perspectives, and clinical applications of research. Despite this comprehensive range of material, the authors have striven in the latest revision to lay bare the neuroscience concepts underlying behaviour with concision and clarity