Big Data and Democracy

#### Considers the morality of using big data in the political sphere, covering cases from the Snowden leaks to the Brexit referendum * Investigates theories and recommendations for how to align the modern political process with the exponential rise in the availability of digital information * Opens new avenues for thinking about the philosophy and morality of social media, such as Facebook and Twitter, in the context of political decision-making * Sets out and objectively assesses the ‘opacity’ framework as an appropriate means of dealing with the challenges associated with big data and democracy What's wrong with targeted advertising in political campaigns? Should we be worried about echo chambers? How does data collection impact on trust in society? As decision-making becomes increasingly automated, how can decision-makers be held to account? This collection consider potential solutions to these challenges. It brings together original research on the philosophy of big data and democracy from leading international authors, with recent examples – including the 2016 Brexit Referendum, the Leveson Inquiry and the Edward Snowden leaks. And it asks whether an ethical compass is available or even feasible in an ever more digitised and monitored world. #### Contributors **Ramón Alvarado**, University of Oregon, USA. **Thorsten Brønholt**, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. **David Douglas**, University of Twente, Netherlands. **Carl Fox**, University of Leeds, UK. **Jai Galliott**, Australian Defence Force Academy, University of New South Wales, Australia. **Phillip Garnett**, University of York, UK. **Stephanie Gauttier**, University of Twente, Netherlands. **Sarah Hughes**, Durham University, UK. **David Kinkead**, University of Queensland, Australia. **Wulf Loh**, University of Stuttgart, Germany. **Bjorn Lundgren**, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden. **Kevin Macnish**, University of Twente, Netherlands. **John Macwillie**, California State University, East Bay (CSUEB), USA. **Steven Mckinlay**, Wellington Institute of Technology, New Zealand. **Kieron O’Hara**, University of Southampton, UK. **Joe Saunders**, Durham University, UK. **Tom Sorell**, University of Warwick, UK. **Harald Stelzer**, University of Graz, Austria. **Anne Suphan**, Hohenheim University, Germany. **Hristina Veljanova**, University of Graz, Austria. **Christopher Zirnig**, Hohenheim University, Germany. Contributors 8 An Introduction to Big Data and Democracy 12 PART ONE 22 ONE / Big Data, Consequentialism and Privacy 24 TWO / Politics, Big Data and Opacity Respect 38 THREE / A Pre-Occupation with Possession: the (Non-) Ownership of Personal Data 53 FOUR / Policing with Big Data: DNA Matching vs Crime Prediction 68 PART TWO 82 FIVE / Dark Advertising and the Democratic Process 84 SIX / Twitter and Electoral Bias 100 SEVEN / Gated Communities of the Digitised Mind 115 EIGHT / The Network and the Demos: Big Data andthe Epistemic Justifi cations of Democracy 130 PART THREE 146 NINE / The Technics of a Gnostic World: an Ontogeny of Big Data 148 TEN / Trust and Algorithmic Opacity 164 ELEVEN / Opacity, Big Data, Artifi cial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Democratic Processes 178 TWELVE / The Big Data Paradox and Its Importance to Strategy and Military Systems Development 193 PART FOUR 210 THIRTEEN / Beyond the Concept of Anonymity: What is Really at Stake? 212 FOURTEEN / Big Data Analytics and the Accessibility of Public Inquiries 228 FIFTEEN / Developing an Ethical Compass for Big Data 242 Index 258 Considering the morality of using big data in the political sphere, this book tackles subjects such as what is wrong with targeted advertising in political campaigns and are echo chambers really a matter of genuine concern? Also examined are the impact of data collection on questions of trust in society and the problem of opacity: as decision-making becomes increasingly automated so it will become harder to hold decision-makers accountable. The contributors consider potential solutions to these challenges and discuss whether an ethical compass is available or even feasible in an ever more digitized and monitored world. The editors bring together original research on the philosophy of big data and democracy from leading international authors, along with recent examples and case references (including the 2016 Brexit referendum, the Leveson inquiry and the Edward Snowden leaks), and combine them in one authoritative volume What's wrong with targeted advertising in political campaigns? Are echo chambers a matter of genuine concern? How does data collection impact on trust in society? As decision-making becomes increasingly automated, how can decision-makers be held to account? This collection consider potential solutions to these challenges.