Biological oceanography - 2. edición

This new edition of Biological Oceanography has been greatly updated and expanded since its initial publication in 2004. It presents current understanding of ocean ecology emphasizing the character of marine organisms from viruses to fish and worms, together with their significance to their habitats and to each other. The book initially emphasizes pelagic organisms and processes, but benthos, hydrothermal vents, climate-change effects, and fisheries all receive attention. The chapter on oceanic biomes has been greatly expanded and a new chapter reviewing approaches to pelagic food webs has been added. Throughout, the book has been revised to account for recent advances in this rapidly changing field. The increased importance of molecular genetic data across the field is evident in most of the chapters. As with the previous edition, the book is primarily written for senior undergraduate and graduate students of ocean ecology and professional marine ecologists. Visit www.wiley.com/go/miller/oceanography to access the artwork from the book. Cover 2 Companion website 9 Title page 10 Copyright page 11 PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION 13 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 15 Chapter 1 Ocean ecology: some fundamental aspects 18 Seawater 18 A few mathematical reminders 41 Conclusion 49 Chapter 2 The phycology of phytoplankton 50 Evolution of phytoplankton 51 Main constituents of marine phytoplankton 51 In closing 100 Chapter 3 Habitat determinants of primary production in the sea 101 Estimation of primary production 105 Effects of light intensity (also called irradiance, illumination, and photon flux) 111 Models for photosynthesis 118 Measuring phytoplankton growth 122 Effects of temperature variation on primary productivity 139 Resting stages 142 Cautions and future prospects 144 Chapter 4 Numerical models: the standard form of theory in pelagic ecology 145 Seasonality in phytoplankton 145 Rate equation modeling 146 A simple pelagic ecosystem model 153 A (somewhat) more complex NPZ model 158 An aside: problems in solving of differential equation systems numerically 164 More sophisticated models, subarctic Pacific ecosystem dynamics 166 ERSEM-PELAGOS, a model of pelagic processes in European and global seas 172 The life and times of individual animals 175 Overview 183 Chapter 5 A sea of microbes: archaea, bacteria, protists, and viruses in the marine pelagial 185 Prokaryotes 187 Molecular systematics of planktonic prokaryotes 191 Distribution and molecular systematics of planktonic archaea 196 Bacterial abundance and production in the euphotic zone 198 Bacterial respiration and growth efficiency 204 Food-chain transfer via dissolved organic matter (DOM) 205 Chemical characteristics of DOM and POM 206 Nutrient regeneration in microbial food webs 208 Bacterivores, protist consumers of bacteria 208 Viruses, viral lysis of bacteria, and the viral shunt 212 Herbivorous microzooplankton 216 Chapter 6 The zoology of zooplankton 217 Collection 217 An introductory description of the forms of planktonic animals 220 Aesthetics 243 Chapter 7 Production ecology of marine zooplankton 245 Feeding mechanics 245 Feeding rates and factors affecting them 254 Evaluation of mesozooplankton production 274 Chapter 8 Population biology of zooplankton 297 Reproductive biology and fecundity 298 Mortality rates and age distribution of mortality 311 Causes of mortality 320 Life-history variations 324 Diel vertical migration 328 Chapter 9 Pelagic food webs 339 Approaches to what animals eat 341 Lower-level trophic transfers in the sea 353 Top-down cascades 363 Marine food-web modeling: Ecopath and Ecosim 367 Chapter 10 Biogeography of pelagic habitats 373 What is a “species”? 373 Global patterns 375 Pacific patterns 381 Pattern maintenance 388 Diversity and community structure 396 Speciation in pelagic habitats 397 Paleontological stratigraphy of the ocean basins in relation to planktonic biogeography 401 Mapping the zoogeography of the past 405 Speciation, again 407 Does speciation really occur in this way? 409 Coastal distributions and the indicator species concept 413 Chapter 11 Biome and province analysis of the oceans 420 Longhurst’s analysis 420 Westerlies biomes 422 Polar biomes 449 Subtropical gyre biomes 464 Equatorial biomes 484 Coastal biomes and coastal upwelling ecosystems 495 The Indian Ocean 501 An invitation 505 Chapter 12 Adaptive complexes of meso- and bathypelagic organisms 506 Hiding out 509 Vision in near darkness 518 Getting fed down deep 525 Reproduction in the mesopelagic 533 Chapter 13 The fauna of deep-sea sediments 536 Sampling gear 537 Megafauna – largest denizens of the deep 542 Macrofauna – sieve pickings 546 Micro- and meiofauna 553 Gradients with depth and surface productivity 557 Benthic biogeography 571 Resources at the seafloor 574 Seasonal cycling in the deep sea 584 Chapter 14 Some benthic community ecology 588 Community analysis: a quantitative approach 589 Benthos, more community ordinations 599 Community analysis – a functional guild approach 603 Benthont movement and feeding 610 Bulk benthic processes 614 Total benthic metabolism 624 Food supply relative to metabolism 629 Community response 633 Closing note 636 Chapter 15 Submarine hydrothermal vents 638 Chemosynthesis 642 Biogeography of vent faunas 644 Representative “charismatic” vent invertebrates 646 Faunal arrangement around vents 662 Longevity of vents and colonization of new vents 662 Site for the origin of life? 664 Chapter 16 Ocean ecology and global climate change 667 Global warming and CO 2 668 CO 2 and the glacial–interglacial cycle 681 Iron fertilization of the sea to counteract global warming 692 Decadal-scale changes in ocean conditions and biota 695 Phenology effects 710 Lessons from El Niño 711 Ocean acidification 716 A closing note 718 Chapter 17 Fisheries oceanography 720 Stocks or “unit” stocks 720 Dynamic methods 730 Fishery economics 754 Regime changes 755 Terminology notes 764 Status of world fisheries 766 Ecological impacts 770 Last words 775 REFERENCES 776 Index 870 Color plates 896 Greatly updated and expanded, this edition of 'Biological Oceanography' presents an understanding of ocean ecology emphasizing the character of marine organisms from viruses to fish and worms, together with their significance to their habitats and to each other