Biosignal and Biomedical Image Processing

Relying heavily on MATLAB® problems and examples, as well as simulated data, this text/reference surveys a vast array of signal and image processing tools for biomedical applications—providing a working knowledge of the technologies addressed while showcasing valuable implementation procedures, common pitfalls, and essential application concepts. FM: Biosignal and Biomedical Image Processing dke53_fm 1 BIOSIGNAL AND BIOMEDICAL IMAGE PROCESSING 1 SERIES INTRODUCTION 6 PREFACE 8 CONTENTS 13 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 13 CHAPTER 2: BASIC CONCEPTS 14 CHAPTER 3: SPECTRAL ANALYSIS: CLASSICAL METHODS 14 CHAPTER 4: DIGITAL FILTERS 14 CHAPTER 5: SPECTRAL ANALYSIS: MODERN TECHNIQUES 15 CHAPTER 6: TIME–FREQUENCY METHODS 15 CHAPTER 7: THE WAVELET TRANSFORM 15 CHAPTER 8: ADVANCED SIGNAL PROCESSING TECHNIQUES: OPTIMAL AND ADAPTIVE FILTERS 16 CHAPTER 9: MULTIVARIATE ANALYSES: PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS AND INDEPENDENT COMPONENT ANALYSIS 16 CHAPTER 10: FUNDAMENTALS OF IMAGE PROCESSING: MATLAB IMAGE PROCESSING TOOLBOX 16 CHAPTER 11: IMAGE PROCESSING: FILTERS, TRANSFORMATIONS, AND REGISTRATION 17 CHAPTER 12: IMAGE SEGMENTATION 17 CHAPTER 13: IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION 18 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 18 DKE53_bib 19 CONTENTS -1 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 19 DKE53_ch1 22 CONTENTS -1 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 22 TYPICAL MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS 22 TRANSDUCERS 24 FURTHER STUDY: THE TRANSDUCER 25 ANALOG SIGNAL PROCESSING 26 SOURCES OF VARIABILITY: NOISE 28 ELECTRONIC NOISE 31 SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO 32 ANALOG FILTERS: FILTER BASICS 33 FILTER TYPES 34 FILTER BANDWIDTH 35 FILTER ORDER 36 FILTER INITIAL SHARPNESS 37 ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION: BASIC CONCEPTS 39 ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION TECHNIQUES 40 QUANTIZATION ERROR 41 FURTHER STUDY: SUCCESSIVE APPROXIMATION 42 TIME SAMPLING: BASICS 45 FURTHER STUDY: BUFFERING AND REAL-TIME DATA PROCESSING 48 DATA BANKS 49 PROBLEMS 49 DKE53_ch10 51 CONTENTS -1 CHAPTER 10: FUNDAMENTALS OF IMAGE PROCESSING: MATLAB IMAGE PROCESSING TOOLBOX 51 IMAGE PROCESSING BASICS: MATLAB IMAGE FORMATS 51 GENERAL IMAGE FORMATS: IMAGE ARRAY INDEXING 51 DATA CLASSES: INTENSITY CODING SCHEMES 53 DATA FORMATS 55 DATA CONVERSIONS 55 IMAGE DISPLAY 58 IMAGE STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL 64 BASIC ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS 65 ADVANCED PROTOCOLS: BLOCK PROCESSING 72 SLIDING NEIGHBORHOOD OPERATIONS 73 DISTINCT BLOCK OPERATIONS 78 PROBLEMS 81 DKE53_ch11 83 CONTENTS -1 CHAPTER 11: IMAGE PROCESSING: FILTERS, TRANSFORMATIONS, AND REGISTRATION 83 SPECTRAL ANALYSIS: THE FOURIER TRANSFORM 83 MATLAB IMPLEMENTATION 85 LINEAR FILTERING 88 MATLAB IMPLEMENTATION 90 FILTER DESIGN 91 SPATIAL TRANSFORMATIONS 100 MATLAB IMPLEMENTATION 102 AFFINE TRANSFORMATIONS 102 GENERAL AFFINE TRANSFORMATIONS 104 PROJECTIVE TRANSFORMATIONS 106 IMAGE REGISTRATION 111 UNAIDED IMAGE REGISTRATION 113 INTERACTIVE IMAGE REGISTRATION 117 PROBLEMS 119 DKE53_ch12 123 CONTENTS -1 CHAPTER 12: IMAGE SEGMENTATION 123 PIXEL-BASED METHODS 123 THRESHOLD LEVEL ADJUSTMENT 124 MATLAB IMPLEMENTATION 129 CONTINUITY-BASED METHODS 132 MATLAB IMPLEMENTATION 133 MULTI-THRESHOLDING 140 MORPHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS 142 MATLAB IMPLEMENTATION 144 EDGE-BASED SEGMENTATION 148 MATLAB IMPLEMENTATION 151 PROBLEMS 152 DKE53_ch13 155 CONTENTS -1 CHAPTER 13: IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION 155 CT, PET, AND SPECT 156 FAN BEAM GEOMETRY 162 MATLAB IMPLEMENTATION 163 RADON TRANSFORM 163 INVERSE RADON TRANSFORM: PARALLEL BEAM GEOMETRY 165 RADON AND INVERSE RADON TRANSFORM: FAN BEAM GEOMETRY 168 MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING 170 BASIC PRINCIPLES 170 DATA ACQUISITION: PULSE SEQUENCES 174 FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING 176 MATLAB IMPLEMENTATION 178 PRINCIPAL COMPONENT AND INDEPENDENT COMPONENT ANALYSIS 182 PROBLEMS 187 DKE53_ch2 189 CONTENTS -1 CHAPTER 2: BASIC CONCEPTS 189 NOISE 189 ENSEMBLE AVERAGING 192 MATLAB IMPLEMENTATION 193 DATA FUNCTIONS AND TRANSFORMS 195 CONVOLUTION, CORRELATION, AND COVARIANCE 201 CONVOLUTION AND THE IMPULSE RESPONSE 201 COVARIANCE AND CORRELATION 204 MATLAB IMPLEMENTATION 207 SAMPLING THEORY AND FINITE DATA CONSIDERATIONS 211 EDGE EFFECTS 215 PROBLEMS 216 DKE53_ch3 219 CONTENTS -1 CHAPTER 3: SPECTRAL ANALYSIS: CLASSICAL METHODS 219 INTRODUCTION 219 THE FOURIER TRANSFORM: FOURIER SERIES ANALYSIS 222 PERIODIC FUNCTIONS 222 SYMMETRY 225 DISCRETE TIME FOURIER ANALYSIS 225 APERIODIC FUNCTIONS 227 FREQUENCY RESOLUTION 229 TRUNCATED FOURIER ANALYSIS: DATA WINDOWING 229 POWER SPECTRUM 232 MATLAB IMPLEMENTATION 235 DIRECT FFT AND WINDOWING 235 THE WELCH METHOD FOR POWER SPECTRAL DENSITY DETERMINATION 238 WINDOW FUNCTIONS 240 PROBLEMS 242 DKE53_ch4 244 CONTENTS -1 CHAPTER 4: DIGITAL FILTERS 244 THE Z-TRANSFORM 244 DIGITAL TRANSFER FUNCTION 245 MATLAB IMPLEMENTATION 247 FINITE IMPULSE RESPONSE (FIR) FILTERS 250 FIR FILTER DESIGN 251 DERIVATIVE OPERATION: THE TWO-POINT CENTRAL DIFFERENCE ALGORITHM 254 MATLAB IMPLEMENTATION 258 INFINITE IMPULSE RESPONSE (IIR) FILTERS 263 FILTER DESIGN AND APPLICATION USING THE MATLAB SIGNAL PROCESSING TOOLBOX 265 FIR FILTERS 265 TWO-STAGE FIR FILTER DESIGN 266 THREE-STAGE FIR FILTER DESIGN 268 IIR FILTERS 274 TWO-STAGE IIR FILTER DESIGN 275 THREE-STAGE IIR FILTER DESIGN: ANALOG STYLE FILTERS 276 PROBLEMS 280 DKE53_ch5 282 CONTENTS -1 CHAPTER 5: SPECTRAL ANALYSIS: MODERN TECHNIQUES 282 PARAMETRIC MODEL-BASED METHODS 282 MATLAB IMPLEMENTATION 288 NON-PARAMETRIC EIGENANALYSIS FREQUENCY ESTIMATION 293 MATLAB IMPLEMENTATION 295 PROBLEMS 301 DKE53_ch6 303 CONTENTS -1 CHAPTER 6: TIME-FREQUENCY METHODS 303 BASIC APPROACHES 303 SHORT-TERM FOURIER TRANSFORM: THE SPECTROGRAM 304 WIGNER-VILLE DISTRIBUTION: A SPECIAL CASE OF COHEN’S CLASS 305 THE CHOI-WILLIAMS AND OTHER DISTRIBUTIONS 310 ANALYTIC SIGNAL 311 MATLAB IMPLEMENTATION 312 THE SHORT-TERM FOURIER TRANSFORM 312 THE WIGNER-VILLE DISTRIBUTION 318 CHOI-WILLIAMS AND OTHER DISTRIBUTIONS 323 PROBLEMS 328 DKE53_ch7 332 CONTENTS -1 CHAPTER 7: THE WAVELET TRANSFORM 332 INTRODUCTION 332 THE CONTINUOUS WAVELET TRANSFORM 333 WAVELET TIME – FREQUENCY CHARACTERISTICS 335 MATLAB IMPLEMENTATION 338 THE DISCRETE WAVELET TRANSFORM 341 FILTER BANKS 343 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANALYTICAL EXPRESSIONS AND FILTER BANKS 347 MATLAB IMPLEMENTATION 349 DENOISING 355 DISCONTINUITY DETECTION 358 FEATURE DETECTION: WAVELET PACKETS 361 PROBLEMS 365 DKE53_ch8 367 CONTENTS -1 CHAPTER 8: ADVANCED SIGNAL PROCESSING TECHNIQUES: OPTIMAL AND ADAPTIVE FILTERS 367 OPTIMAL SIGNAL PROCESSING: WIENER FILTERS 367 MATLAB IMPLEMENTATION 370 ADAPTIVE SIGNAL PROCESSING 376 ADAPTIVE NOISE CANCELLATION 380 ADAPTIVE NOISE CANCELLATION 380 MATLAB IMPLEMENTATION 381 PHASE SENSITIVE DETECTION 387 AM MODULATION 388 PHASE SENSITIVE DETECTORS 390 MATLAB IMPLEMENTATION 392 PROBLEMS 395 DKE53_ch9 397 CONTENTS -1 CHAPTER 9: MULTIVARIATE ANALYSES: PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS AND INDEPENDENT COMPONENT ANALYSIS 397 INTRODUCTION 397 PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS 400 ORDER SELECTION 405 MATLAB IMPLEMENTATION 405 DATA ROTATION 405 PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS EVALUATION 408 INDEPENDENT COMPONENT ANALYSIS 413 MATLAB IMPLEMENTATION 419 PROBLEMS 424 BIOSIGNAL AND BIOMEDICAL IMAGE PROCESSING......Page 1 SERIES INTRODUCTION......Page 6 PREFACE......Page 8 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION......Page 13 CHAPTER 4: DIGITAL FILTERS......Page 14 CHAPTER 7: THE WAVELET TRANSFORM......Page 15 CHAPTER 10: FUNDAMENTALS OF IMAGE PROCESSING: MATLAB IMAGE PROCESSING TOOLBOX......Page 16 CHAPTER 12: IMAGE SEGMENTATION......Page 17 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 18 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 19 CONTENTS......Page 0 TYPICAL MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS......Page 22 TRANSDUCERS......Page 24 FURTHER STUDY: THE TRANSDUCER......Page 25 ANALOG SIGNAL PROCESSING......Page 26 SOURCES OF VARIABILITY: NOISE......Page 28 ELECTRONIC NOISE......Page 31 SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO......Page 32 ANALOG FILTERS: FILTER BASICS......Page 33 FILTER TYPES......Page 34 FILTER BANDWIDTH......Page 35 FILTER ORDER......Page 36 FILTER INITIAL SHARPNESS......Page 37 ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION: BASIC CONCEPTS......Page 39 ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION TECHNIQUES......Page 40 QUANTIZATION ERROR......Page 41 FURTHER STUDY: SUCCESSIVE APPROXIMATION......Page 42 TIME SAMPLING: BASICS......Page 45 FURTHER STUDY: BUFFERING AND REAL-TIME DATA PROCESSING......Page 48 PROBLEMS......Page 49 GENERAL IMAGE FORMATS: IMAGE ARRAY INDEXING......Page 51 DATA CLASSES: INTENSITY CODING SCHEMES......Page 53 DATA CONVERSIONS......Page 55 IMAGE DISPLAY......Page 58 IMAGE STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL......Page 64 BASIC ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS......Page 65 ADVANCED PROTOCOLS: BLOCK PROCESSING......Page 72 SLIDING NEIGHBORHOOD OPERATIONS......Page 73 DISTINCT BLOCK OPERATIONS......Page 78 PROBLEMS......Page 81 SPECTRAL ANALYSIS: THE FOURIER TRANSFORM......Page 83 MATLAB IMPLEMENTATION......Page 85 LINEAR FILTERING......Page 88 MATLAB IMPLEMENTATION......Page 90 FILTER DESIGN......Page 91 SPATIAL TRANSFORMATIONS......Page 100 AFFINE TRANSFORMATIONS......Page 102 GENERAL AFFINE TRANSFORMATIONS......Page 104 PROJECTIVE TRANSFORMATIONS......Page 106 IMAGE REGISTRATION......Page 111 UNAIDED IMAGE REGISTRATION......Page 113 INTERACTIVE IMAGE REGISTRATION......Page 117 PROBLEMS......Page 119 PIXEL-BASED METHODS......Page 123 THRESHOLD LEVEL ADJUSTMENT......Page 124 MATLAB IMPLEMENTATION......Page 129 CONTINUITY-BASED METHODS......Page 132 MATLAB IMPLEMENTATION......Page 133 MULTI-THRESHOLDING......Page 140 MORPHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS......Page 142 MATLAB IMPLEMENTATION......Page 144 EDGE-BASED SEGMENTATION......Page 148 MATLAB IMPLEMENTATION......Page 151 PROBLEMS......Page 152 CHAPTER 13: IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION......Page 155 CT, PET, AND SPECT......Page 156 FAN BEAM GEOMETRY......Page 162 RADON TRANSFORM......Page 163 INVERSE RADON TRANSFORM: PARALLEL BEAM GEOMETRY......Page 165 RADON AND INVERSE RADON TRANSFORM: FAN BEAM GEOMETRY......Page 168 BASIC PRINCIPLES......Page 170 DATA ACQUISITION: PULSE SEQUENCES......Page 174 FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING......Page 176 MATLAB IMPLEMENTATION......Page 178 PRINCIPAL COMPONENT AND INDEPENDENT COMPONENT ANALYSIS......Page 182 PROBLEMS......Page 187 NOISE......Page 189 ENSEMBLE AVERAGING......Page 192 MATLAB IMPLEMENTATION......Page 193 DATA FUNCTIONS AND TRANSFORMS......Page 195 CONVOLUTION AND THE IMPULSE RESPONSE......Page 201 COVARIANCE AND CORRELATION......Page 204 MATLAB IMPLEMENTATION......Page 207 SAMPLING THEORY AND FINITE DATA CONSIDERATIONS......Page 211 EDGE EFFECTS......Page 215 PROBLEMS......Page 216 INTRODUCTION......Page 219 PERIODIC FUNCTIONS......Page 222 DISCRETE TIME FOURIER ANALYSIS......Page 225 APERIODIC FUNCTIONS......Page 227 TRUNCATED FOURIER ANALYSIS: DATA WINDOWING......Page 229 POWER SPECTRUM......Page 232 DIRECT FFT AND WINDOWING......Page 235 THE WELCH METHOD FOR POWER SPECTRAL DENSITY DETERMINATION......Page 238 WINDOW FUNCTIONS......Page 240 PROBLEMS......Page 242 THE Z-TRANSFORM......Page 244 DIGITAL TRANSFER FUNCTION......Page 245 MATLAB IMPLEMENTATION......Page 247 FINITE IMPULSE RESPONSE (FIR) FILTERS......Page 250 FIR FILTER DESIGN......Page 251 DERIVATIVE OPERATION: THE TWO-POINT CENTRAL DIFFERENCE ALGORITHM......Page 254 MATLAB IMPLEMENTATION......Page 258 INFINITE IMPULSE RESPONSE (IIR) FILTERS......Page 263 FIR FILTERS......Page 265 TWO-STAGE FIR FILTER DESIGN......Page 266 THREE-STAGE FIR FILTER DESIGN......Page 268 IIR FILTERS......Page 274 TWO-STAGE IIR FILTER DESIGN......Page 275 THREE-STAGE IIR FILTER DESIGN: ANALOG STYLE FILTERS......Page 276 PROBLEMS......Page 280 PARAMETRIC MODEL-BASED METHODS......Page 282 MATLAB IMPLEMENTATION......Page 288 NON-PARAMETRIC EIGENANALYSIS FREQUENCY ESTIMATION......Page 293 MATLAB IMPLEMENTATION......Page 295 PROBLEMS......Page 301 BASIC APPROACHES......Page 303 SHORT-TERM FOURIER TRANSFORM: THE SPECTROGRAM......Page 304 WIGNER-VILLE DISTRIBUTION: A SPECIAL CASE OF COHEN’S CLASS......Page 305 THE CHOI-WILLIAMS AND OTHER DISTRIBUTIONS......Page 310 ANALYTIC SIGNAL......Page 311 THE SHORT-TERM FOURIER TRANSFORM......Page 312 THE WIGNER-VILLE DISTRIBUTION......Page 318 CHOI-WILLIAMS AND OTHER DISTRIBUTIONS......Page 323 PROBLEMS......Page 328 INTRODUCTION......Page 332 THE CONTINUOUS WAVELET TRANSFORM......Page 333 WAVELET TIME – FREQUENCY CHARACTERISTICS......Page 335 MATLAB IMPLEMENTATION......Page 338 THE DISCRETE WAVELET TRANSFORM......Page 341 FILTER BANKS......Page 343 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANALYTICAL EXPRESSIONS AND FILTER BANKS......Page 347 MATLAB IMPLEMENTATION......Page 349 DENOISING......Page 355 DISCONTINUITY DETECTION......Page 358 FEATURE DETECTION: WAVELET PACKETS......Page 361 PROBLEMS......Page 365 OPTIMAL SIGNAL PROCESSING: WIENER FILTERS......Page 367 MATLAB IMPLEMENTATION......Page 370 ADAPTIVE SIGNAL PROCESSING......Page 376 ADAPTIVE NOISE CANCELLATION......Page 380 MATLAB IMPLEMENTATION......Page 381 PHASE SENSITIVE DETECTION......Page 387 AM MODULATION......Page 388 PHASE SENSITIVE DETECTORS......Page 390 MATLAB IMPLEMENTATION......Page 392 PROBLEMS......Page 395 INTRODUCTION......Page 397 PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS......Page 400 DATA ROTATION......Page 405 PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS EVALUATION......Page 408 INDEPENDENT COMPONENT ANALYSIS......Page 413 MATLAB IMPLEMENTATION......Page 419 PROBLEMS......Page 424

A comprehensive overview of the inherent properties, chemical and biochemical functions, actions for lowering the risks of cardiovascular and infectious diseases and cancers, and underlying mechanisms of tea polyphenols. It reveals the bioantimutagenic potency of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg) found in green tea.

Australian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics - Publisher

...the first detailed treatise on tea's history and production. "Coverage of the subject matter is excellent.

Today the tea bush is known as Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze of which there are two varieties: var. sinensis and var. assamica.