Annotation his book is a major extension of a chapter on bistatic radar written by the author for the Radar Handbook, 2nd edition, edited by Merrill Skolnik. It provides a history of bistatic systems that points out to potential designers the applications that have worked and the dead-ends not worth pursuing. The text reviews the basic concepts and definitions, and explains the mathematical development of relationships, such as geometry, Ovals of Cassini, dynamic range, isorange and isodoppler contours, target doppler, and clutter doppler spread. Key Features * All development and analysis are derived from first order principles or referenced to established literature. * All approximations are accompanied by error analyses. All bistatic radar equations are rationalized; i.e., they are shown in the limit to reduce to monostatic radar equations. * Past bistatic radar developments and programs are critiqued. Fundamental advantages and limitations are identified. Potential bistatic radar applications are developed and assessed. * The 329 pages include plentiful figures, tables, equations, six appendices and a bibliography Bistatic Radar......Page 1 Front Matter......Page 2 Preface......Page 5 Acknowledgments......Page 9 Table of Contents......Page 10 1.1 Introduction......Page 16 1.2 Definitions......Page 17 1.3 Requirements......Page 21 1.4 Applications and Issues......Page 22 2. History......Page 30 2.1 Early History......Page 31 2.1.1 Developments in the United States......Page 37 2.1.2 Developments in the United Kingdom......Page 40 2.1.3 Developments in France......Page 45 2.1.4 Developments in the Soviet Union......Page 47 2.1.5 Developments in Japan......Page 48 2.1.6 Developments in Germany......Page 49 2.1.7 Developments in Italy......Page 50 2.2.1 Theory and Measurements......Page 51 2.2.3 Hitchhiking......Page 52 2.2.4 Forward-scatter Fences......Page 53 2.2.5 Multistatic Radars......Page 54 2.3 Second Resurgence......Page 58 2.3.1 Air Defense......Page 59 2.3.2 Clutter Tuning......Page 62 2.3.3 Hitchhiking......Page 65 2.3.4 Forward-scatter Fences......Page 69 2.3.5 Multistatic Radars......Page 71 2.4 Nonmilitary Applications......Page 73 3. Coordinate Systems, Geometry, and Equations......Page 74 4.1 Range Equation......Page 82 4.2 Pattern Propagation Factors......Page 83 4.3 Ovals of Cassini......Page 85 4.4 Operating Regions......Page 87 4.5 Target Path Dynamic Range......Page 88 4.6 Isorange Ellipsoids, Isorange Contours, and Range Cells......Page 91 4.7 Operating Limits and Instantaneous S/N Dynamic Range......Page 95 4.7.2 Instantaneous S/N Dynamic Range......Page 96 5. Location and Area Relationships......Page 100 5.1 Target Location......Page 101 5.2 Measurement and Location Errors......Page 105 5.3 Coordinate Conversion......Page 115 5.4 Display Correction......Page 119 5.5 Coverage......Page 120 5.5.1 Detection-constrained Coverage......Page 121 5.5.2 Line-of-sight-constrained Coverage......Page 123 5.6 Clutter Cell Area......Page 126 5.6.2 Range-limited Clutter Cell Area......Page 127 5.7 Maximum Unambiguous Range and PRF......Page 129 6.1 Target Doppler......Page 134 6.2 Isodoppler Contours......Page 137 6.3 Clutter Doppler Spread......Page 139 6.3.1 Clutter Doppler Spread over an Isorange Contour......Page 140 6.3.2 Clutter Doppler Spread over a Range Cell......Page 142 6.3.3 Clutter Doppler Spread through Sidelobes......Page 143 6.4 Doppler Beat Frequency......Page 144 7.1 Range Resolution......Page 145 7.2 Doppler Resolution......Page 147 7.3 Angle Resolution......Page 149 7.4 Synthetic Aperture Radar Isorange Resolution......Page 152 8.1 Pseudomonostatic RCS Region......Page 158 8.2 Bistatic RCS Region......Page 160 8.3 Glint Reduction in the Bistatic RCS Region......Page 161 8.4 Forward-scatter RCS Region......Page 163 9.1 Surface Clutter......Page 169 9.1.1 In-plane Ground Clutter......Page 172 9.1.2 In-plane Sea Clutter......Page 176 9.1.3 Out-of-plane Ground Clutter......Page 179 9.1.4 Out-of-plane Sea Clutter......Page 182 10. Electronic Countermeasures and Counter-countermeasures......Page 187 10.1 Noise Jamming......Page 188 10.2 Deception Jamming......Page 197 11. Multistatic Radars......Page 203 11.1 Receiving Aperture Characteristics......Page 204 11.2 System S/N......Page 205 11.3 Implementation Requirements......Page 207 12. Special Concepts and Applications......Page 208 12.1 Hitchhiking......Page 210 12.1.1 Range Extension......Page 213 12.1.2 Passive Situation Awareness......Page 217 12.1.3 Monitoring......Page 220 12.1.4 Launch Alert......Page 223 12.2 Forward-scatter Fences......Page 230 12.2.1 Single Forward-scatter Fence......Page 231 12.2.2 Netted Forward-scatter Fences......Page 234 12.3 Hybrid Radars......Page 236 12.4.1 Synthetic Aperture Radar......Page 246 13.1 Beam Scan-on-scan......Page 257 13.2 Pulse Chasing......Page 266 13.3 Sidelobe Clutter......Page 269 13.4 Time Synchronization......Page 270 13.5 Phase Synchronization and Stability......Page 272 A.2 1934 NRL Patent......Page 277 A.3 1933 BTL Paper......Page 283 A.4 1932 GPO Paper......Page 285 B.1 Introduction......Page 288 B.2 Development of the Approximate Expression for the Width of a Bistatic Range Cell, DeltaRB'......Page 290 B.3.1 Geometry and Definitions......Page 291 B.3.2 Development......Page 292 B.3.3 Discussion......Page 294 B.4 Error Analysis and Examples......Page 295 C.2 Development......Page 301 C.3 Error Analysis, Discussion, and Examples......Page 303 Appendix D: Area within a Maximum Range Oval of Cassini......Page 305 E.2 Target Location......Page 308 E.3 Parameter Ratios......Page 310 E.4 Angular Rates......Page 311 E.5 Pseudobeamwidth and Beam Pointing Angle......Page 312 E.6 Approximations to Pseudobeamwidth and Beam Pointing Angle......Page 313 F.2 Orthogonal Bisector - Tangent Theorem......Page 319 F.3 Orthogonal Ellipse - Hyperbola Theorem......Page 322 References and Bibliography......Page 325 B......Page 335 C......Page 336 E......Page 338 I......Page 339 M......Page 340 P......Page 341 R......Page 342 S......Page 343 T......Page 344 W......Page 345
This is the only English language book on bistatic radar. It starts with James Casper's fine chapter in the first edition of Skolnik's Radar Handbook (1970), capturing previously unpublished work before 1970. It then summarizes and codifies subsequent bistatic radar research and development, especially as catalogued in the special December 1986 IEE journal. It defines and resolves many issues and controversies plaguing bistatic radar, including predicted performance, monostatic equivalence, bistatic radar cross section and resolution, bistatic Doppler, hitchhiking, SAR, ECM/ECCM, and, most importantly, the utility of bistatic radars. The text provides a history of bistatic systems that points out to potential designers, the applications that have worked and the dead-ends not worth pursuing. The text reviews the basic concepts and definitions, and explains the mathematical development of relationships, such as geometry, Ovals of Cassini, dynamic range, isorange and isodoppler contours, target doppler, and clutter doppler spread.
This book is dedicated on bistatic radar. It summarizes and codifies subsequent bistatic radar research and development. It discusses static radar research and development, defines and resolves many issues and controversies plagung bistatic radar, including predicted performance, monosatic equivalence, bistatic radar cross section and resolution, bistatic Doppler, hitchiking, SAR, ECM/ECCM, and, most importantly, the utility of bistatic radars A reference which summarizes results from bistatic radar research and contains material on concepts, definitions and mathematical development of basic relationships. The fundamentals of bistatic radars are discussed in terms of theory, requirements, applications, technology, advantages and limitations. This reference is ideal for ECM and ECCM engineers working in design and performance analysis for research and development.
