Blockchain Applications in IoT Ecosystem (EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing)

This book focuses on the fundamentals of blockchain technology along with the means and methods of its integration with Internet of Things (IoT). The book allows the reader to have a deeper understanding of blockchain technology, IoT and various application areas wherein both technologies can be implemented. The book serves the purpose of providing knowledge about the fundamentals of blockchain and IoT to a common reader along with allowing a research scholar to identify some futuristic problem areas that emerge from the convergence of both technologies. Furthermore, the authors discuss relevant application areas such as smart city, e-healthcare, smart travel, etc. throughout the course of the book. The book also talks through a few case studies illustrating the implementation and benefits of using blockchain and IoT. Provides a comprehensive view of blockchain technology and its integration with IoT; Facilitates in having a valuable understanding of various application areas pertaining to blockchain and IoT; Assists the reader in exploring new research areas wherein blockchain and IoT can find their applicability based upon their list of benefits. Foreword Preface Acknowledgment Contents 1 Introduction to Blockchain 1.1 Introduction to Blockchain 1.1.1 How Does a Blockchain Work? 1.2 Consensus Algorithms in Blockchain 1.2.1 Proof of Work 1.2.2 Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance 1.2.3 Proof of Stake 1.2.4 Proof of Burn 1.2.5 Proof of Capacity 1.2.6 Proof of Elapsed Time 1.3 Protocols 1.4 Applications of Blockchain 1.4.1 Decentralized Cryptocurrencies 1.4.2 Insurance: Claims Processing 1.4.3 Payments: Cross-Border Payments 1.4.4 Your Vehicle/Cellphone 1.4.5 Supply Chain Sensors 1.5 Use of Blockchain in Healthcare 1.5.1 Medical Supply Chain Management and Drug Traceability/Safety 1.5.2 Breakthroughs in Genomics 1.6 Blockchain Platforms 1.6.1 Ethereum 1.6.2 Hyperledger Fabric 1.6.3 IBM's Blockchain 1.6.4 Multichain 1.6.5 Hydrachain 1.6.6 Ripple 1.6.7 R3 Corda 1.6.8 BigchainDB 1.6.9 OpenChain 1.6.10 IoTA 1.7 Blockchain for IoT-Enabled Healthcare 1.7.1 Secure Remote Patient Monitoring 1.7.2 Supply Chain 1.8 Future Scope of Blockchain 1.8.1 Blockchain in Digital Advertising 1.8.2 Blockchain in Cybersecurity 1.8.3 Blockchain in Cloud Storage 1.9 Conclusion References 2 Block Chain and IoT Architecture 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 Block Chain Technology 2.1.2 Internet of Things 2.1.3 Hybrid Structure 2.2 Architectures 2.2.1 Blockchain Architecture 2.2.2 IoT Architecture 2.2.3 Hybrid Architecture 2.2.4 Performance 2.3 Conclusion References 3 Fusion of Blockchain and IoT: The Future of Industry 4.0 3.1 Introduction 3.2 IoT: Benefits and Challenges 3.3 Blockchain Technology: Functions and Usefulness 3.4 How Can Blockchain Solve IoT Safety Issues and Scalability? 3.5 Feasibility Considerations for Integrating Blockchain and IoT Technologies 3.6 Examples and Use Cases of IoT Blockchain Technologies 3.7 Benefits of Integrating Advanced IoT for Blockchain Networks 3.8 Prospective Barriers to the Convergence of Blockchain and IoT 3.9 Conclusion References 4 Blockchain Consensus Algorithms: Study and Challenges 4.1 Introduction to Blockchain Technology 4.2 Introduction to Consensus Algorithms 4.3 Consensus Algorithms Characteristics 4.3.1 Structural Properties 4.3.2 Block and Reward properties 4.3.3 Performance Properties 4.3.4 Security Properties 4.4 Consensus Algorithms 4.4.1 Proof Based Consensus Algorithm 4.4.1.1 Proof of Work (PoW) 4.4.1.2 Proof of Stake (PoS) 4.4.1.3 Implicit Consensus 4.4.1.4 Secure Sharding Algorithm (ELASTICO) ch4:bib14 4.4.1.5 Hybrid Algorithms (PoW/PoS) 4.4.1.6 Proof of Stake Velocity (PoSV) 4.4.1.7 Proof of Activity (PoA) 4.4.1.8 Proof of Burn (PoB) 4.4.2 Voting Based Consensus 4.4.2.1 Proof of Trust (PoT) ch4:bib24 4.4.2.2 Proof of Vote (PoV) ch4:bib25 4.4.2.3 Ripple Algorithm ch4:bib26 4.4.2.4 Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) 4.4.2.5 Delegated Byzantine Fault Tolerance (DBFT) 4.5 Comparison of Different Consensus Algorithms 4.6 Research Challenges and Future Scope 4.7 Conclusion References 5 Block Chain Platforms and Smart Contracts 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Literature Review 5.3 Survey of Existing Blockchain Platforms 5.3.1 Waltonchain 5.3.2 Origin Trail 5.3.3 IBM Watson 5.3.4 Slock.it 5.3.5 NetObjex Platform 5.4 Smart Contracts 5.5 Tourism Industry 5.6 Future Works References 6 Blockchain Technology: Concept, Applications, Challenges, and Security Threats 6.1 Introduction to Blockchain 6.2 Blockchain Origin 6.2.1 Tiers of Blockchain Technology 6.3 Blockchain Categorization 6.4 Blockchain Working 6.5 Blockchain Concepts 6.5.1 Cryptographic Hash Functions 6.5.2 Cryptographic Nonce 6.5.3 Transactions in Blockchain 6.5.4 Asymmetric Key Cryptography 6.5.5 Addresses 6.5.6 Wallets 6.5.7 Digital Ledgers 6.5.8 Blocks in Blockchain 6.6 Consensus in Blockchain 6.6.1 Poof of Work (PoW) Consensus Model 6.6.2 Proof of Stake (PoS) Consensus Model 6.6.3 Round Robin Consensus Model 6.6.4 Proof of Authority/Identity Consensus Model 6.6.5 Proof of Elapsed Time (PoET) Consensus Model 6.6.6 Proof of Burn (PoB) Consensus Model 6.7 Smart Contracts 6.8 Challenges in Blockchain 6.9 Applications of Blockchain 6.10 Blockchain Security Threats and Attacks 6.10.1 Blockchain Structure Attacks 6.10.2 Blockchain's Peer-to-Peer System Attacks 6.10.3 Application Based Attacks 6.11 Blockchain Prospects for Internet of Things (IoT) 6.12 Conclusion References 7 IoT-Integrated Blockchain in the Drug Supply Chain 7.1 Introduction 7.2 The Drug Supply Chain and Counterfeiting Pharmaceuticals 7.3 Blockchain Technology 7.4 The Applications of Integrating IoT with the Blockchain 7.4.1 Overcoming the Shortage of Medicines 7.4.2 Information Transmission Network in the Drug Supply Chain 7.4.3 Enhance Supply Chain Security 7.4.4 Freight Tracking 7.4.5 Temperature Control 7.5 The Proposed IoT-Integrated Blockchain Framework 7.6 The Case of Modum.io 7.7 Discussions 7.8 Insights for the Future 7.9 Conclusions References 8 The Desiderata of Blockchain and IoT in Medical and Pharmaceutical Enterprises 8.1 Introduction 8.2 IOT in Medical and Pharmaceutical Enterprises 8.2.1 Digitizing Patient's Records Using Blockchain with Electronic Health Records (EHR) 8.2.2 Precedence of Electronic Health Records (EHR) over Electronic Medical Records (EMR) 8.2.3 Advantages Associated with Electronic Health Records (EHR) 8.2.4 Incorporating Privacy and Security into EHR and IoT 8.2.5 Impediments Involved in Implementing EHR and Blockchain 8.2.6 Medical Transcription and EHR 8.3 Existing Model 8.4 Proposed Model 8.5 Conclusion References 9 Microchain: A Light Hierarchical Consensus Protocol for IoT Systems 9.1 Introduction 9.2 An Overview of Blockchain Fabric 9.3 Distributed Consensus Protocols and Algorithms 9.3.1 Byzantine Fault Tolerant Consensus 9.3.2 Nakamoto Consensus Protocol 9.4 Challenges on Integration Blockchain with IoTs 9.5 Microchain: A Lightweight Blockchain Fabric for IoTs 9.5.1 Microchain System Architecture 9.5.2 Prototype Implementation and Evaluation 9.5.3 Network Latency 9.5.4 Throughput Evaluation 9.5.5 Comparative Evaluation 9.6 Conclusions References 10 Leveraging Blockchain and SDN for Efficient and Secure IoT Network 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Related Technologies 10.2.1 Software-Defined Networks 10.2.1.1 SDN Architecture 10.2.2 Blockchain 10.3 Security Issues 10.3.1 Security Issues in IoT 10.3.2 Security Issues in SDN 10.4 Blockchain-Based Secure Software-Defined IoT Framework A. SDN as Network Layer in IoT Infrastructure B. Use of Blockchain-Based SDN and Distributed Cloud 10.5 Conclusion References 11 The Biometric Signature as a Blockchain Application 11.1 The Definition and the Function of a Signature 11.2 A Brief Literature Review on Digital Signatures 11.2.1 Conventional Digital Signatures 11.2.2 Server Signing 11.3 The Biometric Signature 11.4 The Biometric Signature on a Blockchain 11.5 Conclusion: The Biometrix Project References 12 BlockTwins: A Blockchain-Based Digital Twins Framework 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Digital Twins 12.3 Blockchain 12.4 Blockchain and Digital Twins Pair 12.5 Blockchain-Based Digital Twins Framework 12.6 Conclusion References 13 Blockchain Technologies for Securing IoT Infrastructure: IoT-Blockchain Architectonics 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Relevant Literature 13.3 An Overview of IoT 13.3.1 Introduction to the Internet of Things 13.3.2 Challenges of the IoT 13.4 Features of Blockchain 13.4.1 Salient Features of Blockchains 13.4.2 Block and Blockchain 13.4.3 Transactions and Digital Signatures 13.4.4 Cryptography 13.4.5 Blockchain Architecture 13.5 Security Issues in IoT Infrastructure 13.5.1 Issues 13.5.2 Security Threats 13.6 Integration of Blockchain Technology and IoT 13.7 Research Issues 13.7.1 Resource Constraints 13.7.2 Security Vulnerability 13.7.3 Privacy Leakage 13.7.4 Scalability of Blockchain-Aware IoT 13.8 Conclusion References 14 qIoTAgriChain: IoT Blockchain Traceability Using Queueing Model in Smart Agriculture 14.1 Introduction 14.1.1 Application of IoT in Smart Agriculture 14.1.2 Blockchain Technologies in Agriculture 14.2 Related Works 14.3 Smart Agriculture and AgriChain 14.3.1 Smart Agriculture 14.3.2 AgriChain 14.3.2.1 The Platform 14.3.2.2 Stock Management 14.3.2.3 Contracting 14.3.2.4 Supply Chain Tracking 14.3.2.5 Automation in Logistics 14.3.2.6 Broker Integration 14.3.2.7 Goods Receivables 14.3.2.8 Traceability 14.3.2.9 Position Reporting 14.4 Model Description and Queueing Model 14.5 Performance Evaluation 14.6 Numerical Results 14.7 Conclusion References 15 Smart Farming: Securing Farmers Using Block Chain Technology and IOT 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Literature Survey 15.3 Technologies Used in Agriculture 15.3.1 Internet of Things (IoT) Technology 15.3.2 Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) 15.3.3 Cloud Computing(CC) 15.3.4 Big Data 15.3.5 Mobile Computing 15.3.6 RFID Technology in Agriculture 15.3.7 Agricultural Food Supply Chain Management 15.3.8 Technologies Used in the Agricultural Food Supply Chain 15.3.9 Blockchain Technology 15.3.10 Control with IoT 15.3.11 Proposed IoT with Blockchain Smart Farming Model 15.4 IoT Function 15.4.1 Steps involved in IoT function 15.4.2 Food Supply Chain Process 15.4.3 Improve Food Traceability 15.4.4 Improved Farmers' Productivity 15.4.5 Fair Mode of Payment 15.5 Conclusion and Future Work References 16 An Efficient Methodology for Avoiding Threats in Smart Homes with Low Power Consumption in IoT Environment Using Blockchain Technology 16.1 Introduction 16.1.1 Delivery of Infrastructure to IoT 16.1.2 IoT Security Using Blockchain 16.2 Literature Survey 16.2.1 IoT Security Issues 16.2.2 Threat Types 16.2.2.1 Denial in Systems 16.2.2.2 Definite Node Modulation 16.2.3 Routing Attempts 16.3 Proposed Method 16.4 Results 16.5 Conclusion References 17 Integrating Blockchain with Edge Computing for a Secure and Reliable Data Flow 17.1 Introduction 17.1.1 What Is Blockchain? 17.1.2 What Is Edge Computing? 17.1.3 IoT 17.2 Literature Review 17.3 The Need of Integrating Blockchain with Edge Computing 17.3.1 Issues in Blockchain 17.3.2 Requirements in the Design of Integration (Fig. 17.7) 17.4 Integrated Framework of Blockchain and Edge Computing for the IoT (Fig. 17.8) 17.4.1 Terminologies in the Integrated Framework 17.4.2 Working of the Integrated Framework 17.4.3 Advantages from the Integration 17.4.4 Case Study 17.5 Conclusion References 18 Role of Technologies in Revamping the Supply Chain Management of Kirana Stores 18.1 Kirana Stores and Indian Retail Sector 18.2 Kirana Store's Supply Chain and Its Key Components 18.3 Key Components of SCM and Scope of Technology 18.4 Procurement or Sourcing 18.5 Inventory Management 18.6 Storage and Logistics 18.7 Types of Technologies and Their Application in SCM of Kirana Stores 18.8 Blockchain 18.9 Role of Blockchain in Supply Chain Management of Kirana Stores 18.10 RFID 18.11 Role of RFID in Supply Chain Management of Kirana Stores 18.12 Digital Technologies 18.13 Role of Digital Technologies in SCM of Kirana Stores 18.14 Conclusion References 19 Application Potential of Blockchain Technologies in the Travel and Tourism Industry 19.1 Introduction to Blockchain 19.2 Methodology 19.3 Applications of Blockchain in Travel and Tourism 19.3.1 Decentralization in Booking (Connecting All the Players) 19.3.2 Smart Contracts 19.3.3 Digital Currency 19.3.4 Disintermediation 19.3.5 Authenticity in the Realm of Customer Reviews 19.3.6 Innovative Loyalty Programs and Loyalty Program Management 19.3.7 Tracking, Identity Management, and Service Customization 19.3.8 Food Chain Supply Management 19.3.9 Information to Policymakers and Demand Forecast 19.3.10 Security Reduction of Fraud 19.3.11 Data Sharing 19.4 Examples of Present Blockchain Usage in the Travel and Tourism Sector 19.4.1 Loyalty Programs 19.4.2 Booking and Payments 19.4.3 Identity Management 19.4.4 Other Applications 19.5 Conclusion References Index