Boilers: Performance & Testing

Boilers consume fossil fuels (coal, fuel oil, or natural gas) and produce steam for industrial processes or power production. Boilers have been a mainstay since the dawn of the Industrial Revolution. In the 21st century boilers are being replaced with green alternatives and renewable resources. The transition will take years. While this change is implemented, it is imperative that the remaining boilers be operated efficiently, which requires clear expectations and diligent testing. This text describes what can be achieved and how to verify. Examples are given in both English (U.S. Customary) and SI units.