Foraminiferal Micropaleontology for Understanding Earthђ́ةs History

__Foraminiferal Micropaleontology for Understanding Earth’s History__ incorporates new findings on taxonomy, classification and biostratigraphy of foraminifera. Foraminifera offer the best geochemical proxies for paleoclimate and paleoenvironment interpretation. The study of foraminifera was promoted by oil exploration due to its exceptional use in subsurface stratigraphy. A rapid technological development in the past 20 years in the field of imaging microfossils and in geochemical microanalysis have added novel information about foraminifera. Foraminiferal Micropaleontology for Understanding Earth’s History builds an understanding of biology, morphology and classification of foraminifera for its varied applications. In the past two decades, a phenomenal growth has occurred in geochemical proxies in shells of foraminifera, and as a result, crucial information about past climate of the earth is achieved. Foraminifera is the most extensively used marine microfossils in deep-time reconstruction of the earth history. Its key applications are in paleoenvironment and paleoclimate interpretation, paleoceanography, and biostratigraphy to continuously improve the Geologic Time Scale. Front Cover Foraminiferal Micropaleontology for Understanding Earth’s History Copyright Page Contents Preface 1 Introduction 1.1 Historical background The beginning The scientific voyages Subsurface exploration The rise of a new science 1.2 Foraminifera records the Earth’s history 1.3 Reading the fossil records Postmortem transport Dissolution Stratigraphic resolution Paleontologic resolution References 2 Biology and calcification 2.1 Biology of foraminifera Cellular ultrastructure Pseudopodia Trophic mechanism Reproduction and life cycle Mode of life Dispersal 2.2 Calcification Models of calcification Chamber formation Gametogenic calcification 2.3 Role of photosymbiosis in calcification 2.4 Chemical microenvironment of symbiont-bearing foraminifera 2.5 Carbon budget in foraminifera References 3 Morphology and classification 3.1 Growth and basic morphology Wall texture Size and shape Chambers Communication Ornamentation 3.2 Modeling of foraminiferal shells 3.3 Biometry of foraminifera Biometry of larger benthic foraminifera Multivariate analysis of morphologic data Shape analysis of foraminifera 3.4 3-D reconstruction by X-ray microtomography 3.5 Classification of foraminifera The morphological basis of classification The molecular basis of classification References 4 Evolution and extinction 4.1 Origin of foraminifera 4.2 Evolution of planktic foraminifera Early evolution Cretaceous planktic foraminifera Cenozoic planktic foraminifera 4.3 Evolution of larger benthic foraminifera The late Paleozoic Fusulinoidea Late Cretaceous larger benthic foraminifera Cenozoic larger benthic foraminifera 4.4 Deep-sea benthic foraminifera References 5 The timekeeper of Earth’s history 5.1 Time and biostratigraphy 5.2 Planktic foraminiferal zones 5.3 Shallow benthic zones 5.4 Time resolution and synchrony References 6 The tracer of marine environment 6.1 Distribution of living foraminifera Marginal marine environment Shelf sea Warm water carbonate environment Deep sea Pelagic environment 6.2 Oxygen-depleted habitat 6.3 Productivity and biological pump 6.4 Contribution to global marine carbonate References 7 Geochemical proxies of climate and environment 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Fundamental questions in geochemical proxies How important is knowing the biology and ecology of foraminifera? Does foraminifera calcify in isotopic and chemical equilibrium with the ambient seawater? How perfect is proxy calibration? What are the prerequisites of proxy-based studies? What should be the sample size? 7.3 Oxygen and carbon isotopes Isotope measurements Isotope fractionation Oxygen isotopes in foraminifera Paleotemperature equations Carbon isotopes in foraminifera 7.4 Other stable isotopes Clumped isotopes (Δ47) Calcium isotopes (δ44/42Ca) Boron isotopes (δ11B) Magnesium isotopes (δ26Mg) Lithium isotopes (δ7Li) Strontium isotopes (87Sr/86Sr) Neodymium isotopes (εNd) 7.5 Mg/Ca in foraminifera Mg/Ca-based paleotemperature equations 7.6 Trace elements in foraminifera Boron Strontium Cadmium, zinc, and barium 7.7 Use of multiple proxies References 8 Signals of deep-time climate change 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Late Cretaceous greenhouse climate 8.3 Eocene hyperthermal events 8.4 Cooling at Eocene–Oligocene transition 8.5 The last ice-age References 9 Isotope paleobiology and paleoecology 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Isotopic evidence of life history Benthic or planktic? Depth of habitat Gametogenesis Life history of larger benthic foraminifera Photosymbiosis 9.3 Process of evolution Allopatric speciation in Neogene Globoconella Sympatric speciation of Orbulina 9.4 Evolutionary paleoecology Migration of Hantkenina to surface waters Globoconella moves to deeper water References 10 Foraminifera—witness of the evolving Earth 10.1 Oceanic controls on modern foraminifera Planktic foraminifera Deep-sea benthic foraminifera Larger benthic foraminifera 10.2 Speciation and models of evolution 10.3 Climate and macroevolution Global greenhouse of Cretaceous and Eocene Switching from greenhouse to icehouse 10.4 Sea-level change 10.5 Ocean anoxia 10.6 Catastrophes in the history of life Permian–Triassic mass extinction Cretaceous–Paleogene mass extinction 10.7 Thermal stress and ocean acidification References Index Back Cover Foraminiferal Micropaleontology for Understanding Earth's History incorporates new findings on taxonomy, classification and biostratigraphy of foraminifera. Foraminifera offer the best geochemical proxies for paleoclimate and paleoenvironment interpretation. The study of foraminifera was promoted by oil exploration due to its exceptional use in subsurface stratigraphy. A rapid technological development in the past 20 years in the field of imaging microfossils and in geochemical microanalysis have added novel information about foraminifera. Foraminiferal Micropaleontology for Understanding Earth's History builds an understanding of biology, morphology and classification of foraminifera for its varied applications. In the past two decades, a phenomenal growth has occurred in geochemical proxies in shells of foraminifera, and as a result, crucial information about past climate of the earth is achieved. Foraminifera is the most extensively used marine microfossils in deep-time reconstruction of the earth history. Its key applications are in paleoenvironment and paleoclimate interpretation, paleoceanography, and biostratigraphy to continuously improve the Geologic Time Scale. Provides an overview of the Earth history as witnessed and evidenced by foraminifera Discusses a variety of geochemical proxies used in reconstruction of environment, climate and paleobiology of foraminifera Presents a new insight into the morphology and classification of foraminifera by modern tools of x-ray microscopy, quantitative methods, and molecular research