Brickwork For Apprentices

Expanded and edited by Malcolm Thorpe, a former CITB Advisor, this latest edition incorporates all the latest industry-based requirements and technical developments in the construction industry. A new feature is the e-resource facility that includes multiple choice questions and answers, short oral questions and answers, and practical competency checks with marking schemes. These are all matched to current programmes, providing students with essential practice and revision for exam preparation. A classic text, Brickwork for Apprentices has been the established reference on brickwork for generations of bricklayers. Continuously in print since 1944, John Hodge’s classic text has now been revised in its sixth edition and brought fully in line with the latest Building Regulations and requirements for City & Guilds courses. This is an essential text for qualified bricklayers and other professionals working in construction, as well as students new to the industry and wishing to embark on a career in bricklaying. Cover......Page 1 Half Title......Page 2 Title Page......Page 4 Copyright Page......Page 5 Table of Contents......Page 6 Preface......Page 8 Chapter 1: The history of craft training......Page 10 Bricks and their manufacture......Page 13 The stages of manufacture......Page 14 Variety......Page 16 Type......Page 17 Frost resistance of bricks......Page 19 Calcium silicate bricks......Page 21 Refractories......Page 22 Purpose-made bricks......Page 23 Non-load bearing......Page 24 Clay blocks......Page 25 Lime......Page 26 Plasticiser......Page 27 Selection of mortar......Page 28 Batching......Page 31 Retarded ready-to-use mortar......Page 32 Site requirements......Page 33 Sulphate attack on Portland cement mortars......Page 34 Plastic stage......Page 35 Rigid stage......Page 36 Brick trowel......Page 38 Pointing trowels......Page 39 Line and pins......Page 40 Comb hammer......Page 41 Plugging chisel......Page 42 Small square......Page 43 Pair of trammel heads......Page 44 Spirit levels......Page 45 Checking for plumb......Page 46 Frenchman......Page 47 Maintenance of tools......Page 48 Risk assessments......Page 49 A competent person......Page 50 Scaffold boards......Page 51 Lightweight staging......Page 52 Brick proportions......Page 53 Principles of bonding......Page 55 Rules of bonding......Page 58 Broken bond......Page 67 Setting out a facework wall which includes openings......Page 68 Reducing the visual effects of broken bond......Page 69 Reverse bond......Page 70 Bonding examples......Page 71 Summary......Page 78 Setting out......Page 79 Bonding......Page 80 Plumbing blockwork......Page 81 Broken bonds......Page 82 Junction walls......Page 83 Bonding to brick walls......Page 84 Pillars and piers......Page 85 Thin joint masonry......Page 86 Plinths......Page 89 Preplan the bonding......Page 90 Obtuse angles orsquint corners(Figure 6.6)......Page 92 Single Flemish bond (Figure 6.9......Page 95 Dutch bond (Figures 6.10 and 6.11)......Page 96 English cross bond......Page 97 Garden wall bonds......Page 98 Rat-trap bond......Page 99 Quetta bond......Page 100 Single herring-bone, double herring-bone, basket-weaveand diagonal basket-weave bonds (Figure 6.19)......Page 101 Header bond (Figure 6.20)......Page 102 Chapter 7: Foundations......Page 103 Foundation design......Page 104 Example 1......Page 107 Atmospheric depth......Page 108 Wide strip foundations......Page 109 Pad foundations......Page 110 Raft foundations......Page 111 Brick footings......Page 112 Stepped foundations......Page 113 Bricklaying......Page 114 Erecting a brick wall......Page 117 Raising quoins......Page 119 Preliminary setting-out of a building......Page 121 Degree of accuracy......Page 122 Timber templates......Page 125 Work below ground level......Page 126 Timbering......Page 127 Brickwork up to dpc......Page 128 Setting out of window openings......Page 131 Block bonding......Page 132 Toothings and indented toothings......Page 134 Quoins......Page 135 Block bonding......Page 136 Flush panels......Page 137 Projecting panel ( Figure 8.50)......Page 139 Inserting the panel......Page 140 Cutting of gable ends ( Figure 8.53)......Page 141 Procedure for raking cutting......Page 142 Alternative method, if sliding bevel is not available......Page 143 Brick corbels ( Figures 8.57, 8.58 and 8.59)......Page 144 ‘Soldier’ course ( Figures 8.60 and 8.61)......Page 146 Dog toothing ( Figure 8.63)......Page 147 Tumbling-in ( Figure 8.65)......Page 148 Concave......Page 150 Full templates......Page 151 Trammels......Page 152 Header bond......Page 153 Serpentine walling......Page 154 Chapter 9: Bridging openings......Page 156 Lintels......Page 157 Factory-made reinforced concrete lintels......Page 158 Pre-stressed concrete plank lintels......Page 159 Cast in-situ concrete lintels......Page 160 Internal steel lintels......Page 161 External steel lintels......Page 162 Reinforced brick lintel......Page 163 Arches......Page 165 Rough-ringed arch......Page 166 Relieving or discharging arch......Page 167 Types of arch......Page 168 Segmental arch......Page 170 Gothic arch......Page 171 Drop Gothic ( Figure 9.31)......Page 172 Venetian Gothic ( Figure 9.34)......Page 173 Segmental Gothic ( Figure 9.36)......Page 174 Elliptical or Tudor Gothic ( Figure 9.37)......Page 175 Semi-elliptical or three-centred arch ( Figure 9.40)......Page 176 Camber or flat arch ( Figure 9.41)......Page 177 Moulded segmental arch ( Figure 9.42)......Page 178 Setting out......Page 179 Traversing the arch......Page 180 Making the joint allowance......Page 181 Cutting an axed camber arch......Page 182 Preparing the templet......Page 183 Cutting......Page 184 Types of support......Page 185 Modern methods......Page 187 Preparation for setting......Page 188 Setting a camber arch......Page 189 Bull’s eye (Figures 9.75–9.77)......Page 191 Intersecting semi-circular arch (Figure 9.78)......Page 194 Indented arch (Figure 9.82)......Page 195 Cant brick arch (Figure 9.83)......Page 196 Horse-shoe arch......Page 197 Arches in orders......Page 198 Arches in orders on splayed jambs......Page 199 Rear arch......Page 200 Bonnet arch......Page 201 Definition......Page 203 Reason for the title......Page 204 Purpose......Page 205 Building regulations......Page 206 Thermal insulation......Page 207 Bonding......Page 210 Wall ties......Page 211 Cleanliness......Page 212 Coring holes......Page 213 Openings......Page 214 DPC cavity trays......Page 217 Weep holes......Page 218 Cavity details at eaves level......Page 219 Support for brick cladding......Page 220 Vertical movement joints......Page 223 Head restraints......Page 224 Forming a damp proof course (dpc)......Page 225 Routes for damp penetration of buildings......Page 226 Bedding wall plates......Page 228 Solid concrete floors above ground level......Page 232 Tanking from outside......Page 233 Solid walls......Page 234 Parapet wall construction......Page 235 Chimney stacks......Page 236 Weathering to the top of walling......Page 237 Rigid......Page 239 Lead and copper......Page 240 Polythene......Page 241 Single fireplaces......Page 242 Double or back-to-back fireplaces ( Figure 12.4)......Page 244 Upper floor fireplaces......Page 245 Grouping of fireplaces and chimneys......Page 247 Regulations controlling the construction of chimney breasts and stacks......Page 250 Fender wall......Page 256 Opening for fireplace......Page 257 Flue liners......Page 258 Chimney stacks......Page 259 Weathering of chimney stacks passing through sloping roofs......Page 262 Fireplaces......Page 265 Stage 2......Page 267 Stage 3......Page 268 Stage 5......Page 269 Stage 6......Page 270 External works brickwork......Page 271 Brick paving......Page 272 Method of laying pavers......Page 273 Boundary walls......Page 274 Serpentine walling......Page 275 Vertical movement joints......Page 276 Copings and cappings......Page 277 Brick retaining walls......Page 279 Retaining wall construction......Page 280 Buttresses......Page 281 Inspection chambers......Page 282 Construction of inspection chambers......Page 284 Chapter 14: Special shaped bricks......Page 286 Availability of special shaped bricks......Page 287 Stop bricks......Page 290 Squint bricks (AN.1)......Page 291 ‘Handing’ of special shaped bricks......Page 292 Radial specials......Page 295 Chapter 15: Joint finishing......Page 296 Mortar mixes......Page 297 Tools......Page 298 Weather struck joints......Page 299 Ironed or tooled joints......Page 300 Technique – jointing......Page 301 Technique – pointing......Page 302 Summary......Page 303 Number......Page 304 Time......Page 305 Decimals......Page 306 Brick calculations......Page 307 Mortar calculations......Page 308 Blockwork......Page 312 Mortar......Page 313 Openings......Page 315 Cavity walling......Page 316 Perimeters......Page 317 Method C. The centre line method......Page 319 Division of facings and commons......Page 324 Percentage for cutting and waste......Page 325 Additional applications of the centre line method......Page 327 Rounding off – a warning circles and triangles......Page 328 Circles and triangles......Page 329 Example......Page 332 2 Materials......Page 333 3 Tools......Page 334 4 Bonding......Page 335 5 Blockwork......Page 337 6 Details......Page 338 7 Foundations......Page 339 8 Operations......Page 341 9 Bridging openings......Page 342 10 Cavity walling......Page 343 11 Damp proof courses......Page 345 12 Fireplace construction......Page 346 13 External works......Page 347 14 Special bricks......Page 349 15 Jointing......Page 350 16 Calculations......Page 351 4 Bonding......Page 354 9 Bridging openings......Page 355 14 Special bricks......Page 356 16 Calculations......Page 357 Index......Page 358 Fully in line with the Building Regulations, it includes new material on PPEs, safety, risk assessment and working at heights, and also contains fully revised multiple choice questions, new skills test information, sample oral questions and updated drawings, and matched to the current C&G requirements.