C♯ 4.0 : the complete reference

## The Definitive Guide to C# Bestselling author Herb Schildt has updated and expanded his classic programming reference to cover C# 4.0--the latest release of this powerful, feature-rich language. Using carefully crafted explanations, insider tips, and hundreds of examples, __C# 4.0: The Complete Reference__ offers in-depth details on all aspects of C#, including keywords, syntax, and core libraries. New C# 4.0 features, such as named and optional arguments, the dynamic type, expanded covariance and contravariance capabilities, and support for parallel programming with the Task Parallel Library (TPL) and PLINQ are also discussed. Perfect for beginners and professional C# programmers alike, this expert resource is written in the clear, crisp, uncompromising style that has made Herb the choice of millions worldwide. Begin mastering C# 4.0 today with help from this authoritative volume! Coverage includes:* Data types and operators * Control statements * Classes and objects * Constructors, destructors, and methods * Interfaces, arrays, enumerations, and structures * Method and operator overloading * Inheritance and virtual methods * Reflection and runtime type ID * Exception handling * Delegates, properties, events, and indexers * Attributes * Multithreading and the Task Parallel Library * Generics * LINQ and PLINQ * Lambda expressions * Anonymous types * Extension methods * Named and optional arguments * Implicitly typed variables * I/O, networking, and collections * The preprocessor and much, much more Special Thanks Preface Part I: The C# Language 1 The Creation of C# C#'s Family Tree How C# Relates to the .NET Framework How the Common Language Runtime Works Managed vs. Unmanaged Code 2 An Overview of C# Object-Oriented Programming A First Simple Program Handling Syntax Errors A Small Variation A Second Simple Program Another Data Type Two Control Statements Using Code Blocks Semicolons, Positioning, and Indentation The C# Keywords Identifiers The .NET Framework Class Library 3 Data Types, Literals, and Variables Why Data Types Are Important. C#'s Value TypesIntegers Floating-Point Types The decimal Type Characters The bool Type Some Output Options Literals A Closer Look at Variables The Scope and Lifetime of Variables Type Conversion and Casting Type Conversion in Expressions 4 Operators Arithmetic Operators Relational and Logical Operators The Assignment Operator The Bitwise Operators The? Operator Spacing and Parentheses Operator Precedence 5 Program Control Statements The if Statement The switch Statement The for Loop The while Loop The do-while Loop The foreach Loop Using break to Exit a Loop. Using continueThe goto 6 Introducing Classes and Objects Class Fundamentals How Objects Are Created Reference Variables and Assignment Methods Constructors The new Operator Revisited Garbage Collection and Destructors The this Keyword 7 Arrays and Strings Arrays Multidimensional Arrays Jagged Arrays Assigning Array References Using the Length Property Implicitly Typed Arrays The foreach Loop Strings 8 A Closer Look at Methods and Classes Controlling Access to Class Members Pass References to Methods Use ref and out Parameters Use a Variable Number of Arguments. Return ObjectsMethod Overloading Overload Constructors Object Initializers Optional Arguments Named Arguments The Main() Method Recursion Understanding static Static Classes 9 Operator Overloading Operator Overloading Fundamentals Handling Operations on C# Built-in Types Overloading the Relational Operators Overloading true and false Overloading the Logical Operators Conversion Operators Operator Overloading Tips and Restrictions Another Example of Operator Overloading 10 Indexers and Properties Indexers Properties Use Access Modifiers with Accessors. Using Indexers and Properties11 Inheritance Inheritance Basics Member Access and Inheritance Constructors and Inheritance Inheritance and Name Hiding Creating a Multilevel Hierarchy When Are Constructors Called? Base Class References and Derived Objects Virtual Methods and Overriding Using Abstract Classes Using sealed to Prevent Inheritance The object Class 12 Interfaces, Structures, and Enumerations Interfaces Using Interface References Interface Properties Interface Indexers Interfaces Can Be Inherited Name Hiding with Interface Inheritance Explicit Implementations. The Definitive Guide to C# "From using LINQ to covariance and from string formatting to optional arguments, Herb's update covers all you need to know about using real-world C# 4.0."—Michael Howard, Microsoft Corporation Bestselling author Herb Schildt has updated and expanded his classic programming reference to cover C# 4.0—the latest release of this powerful, feature-rich language. Using carefully crafted explanations, insider tips, and hundreds of examples, C# 4.0: The Complete Reference offers in-depth details on all aspects of C#, including keywords, syntax, and core libraries. New C# 4.0 features, such as named and optional arguments, the dynamic type, expanded covariance and contravariance capabilities, and support for parallel programming with the Task Parallel Library (TPL) and PLINQ are also discussed. Perfect for beginners and professional C# programmers alike, this expert resource is written in the clear, crisp, uncompromising style that has made Herb the choice of millions worldwide. Begin mastering C# 4.0 today with help from this authoritative volume! Coverage includes: Data types and operators Control statements Classes and objects Constructors, destructors, and methods Interfaces, arrays, enumerations, and structures Method and operator overloading Inheritance and virtual methods Reflection and runtime type ID Exception handling Delegates, properties, events, and indexers Attributes Multithreading and the Task Parallel Library Generics LINQ and PLINQ Lambda expressions Anonymous types Extension methods Named and optional arguments Implicitly typed variables I/O, networking, and collections The preprocessor and much, much more The Definitive Guide to C# "From using LINQ to covariance and from string formatting to optional arguments, Herb's update covers all you need to know about using real-world C# 4.0." -Michael Howard, Microsoft Corporation Bestselling author Herb Schildt has updated and expanded his classic programming reference to cover C# 4.0--the latest release of this powerful, feature-rich language. Using carefully crafted explanations, insider tips, and hundreds of examples, C# 4.0: The Complete Reference offers in-depth details on all aspects of C#, including keywords, syntax, and core libraries. New C# 4.0 features, such as named and optional arguments, the dynamic type, expanded covariance and contravariance capabilities, and support for parallel programming with the Task Parallel Library (TPL) and PLINQ are also discussed. Perfect for beginners and professional C# programmers alike, this expert resource is written in the clear, crisp, uncompromising style that has made Herb the choice of millions worldwide. Begin mastering C# 4.0 today with help from this authoritative volume! Coverage includes: Data types and operators Control statements Classes and objects Constructors, destructors, and methods Interfaces, arrays, enumerations, and structures Method and operator overloading Inheritance and virtual methods Reflection and runtime type ID Exception handling Delegates, properties, events, and indexers Attributes Multithreading and the Task Parallel Library Generics LINQ and PLINQ Lambda expressions Anonymous types Extension methods Named and optional arguments Implicitly typed variables I/O, networking, and collections The preprocessor and much, much more Using carefully crafted explanations, insider tips, and hundreds of examples, Schildt offers in-depth details on all aspects of C♯, including keywords, syntax, and core libraries. New C♯ 4.0 features, such as named and optional arguments, the dynamic type, expanded covariance and contravariance capabilities, and support for parallel programming with the Task Parallel Library (TPL) and PLINQ are also discussed. --From publisher description