Case studies in comparative politics

United Kingdom / Ben Ansell and Jane Gingrich -- Germany / David Art -- France / Erik Bleich -- Japan / Ethan Scheiner -- India / Steven I. Wilkinson -- Mexico / Cecilia Martínez-Gallardo -- Russia / Graeme Roberston -- Nigeria / Alexandra Scacco -- China / Andrew Mertha -- Iran / Arzoo Osanloo. Cover 1 Title Page 2 Copyright Page 7 FEATURES 15 SUPPLEMENTS 18 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 20 Contents 9 Preface 14 CHAPTER 1 Introduction 24 CHAPTER QUESTION: Why study ountry cases in comparative politics?: Introduction 25 Comparative Politics 26 Why These Ten Countries? 29 Chapter Framework 34 Historical Overview 35 Early versus Late-forming States 37 Globalization and the State 38 Institutions 40 Democratic Regimes 42 Non-Democratic Regimes 44 Regime Change 47 Identities 48 Economic and Cultural Forms of dentity 48 Political-Identity Cleavages 49 The Sources of Political Identity 50 Interests 51 Social Movement 52 Interest Groups 53 Political Parties 53 The Contemporary Context 55 Political Violence 55 Political Economy 56 Conclusion 59 CHAPTER 2 United Kingdom 62 CHAPTER QUESTION: How did limited government emerge in a country without a written constitution?: Introduction to the United Kingdom 63 Historical Overview of the United Kingdom 64 The Establishment of the State 64 The Gradual Emergence of Limited Government 67 Twentieth-Century Developments 69 The Contemporary United Kingdom 70 Institutions of the United Kingdom 72 Institutions Promoting Effective Government 74 Factors Supporting Limited Government 80 Identities in the United Kingdom 83 Class Identity 83 Regional, Religious, and Ethnic Identities 85 Gender and Quality-of-Life Issues 88 Interests in the United Kingdom 90 Business and Labor in the Party System 91 “Policy Communities” in Britain 93 Civil Society and Social Movements in the United Kingdom 94 Mass Media 95 Conclusion 96 CHAPTER 3 Germany 100 CHAPTER QUESTION: How did Germany overcome its tumultuous history and become a healthy democracy?: Introduction to Germany 101 Historical Overview of Germany 101 The Second Reich 102 The Weimar Republic 105 The Nazi Regime 106 The Postwar Era: Division and Reunification 108 Institutions of Germany 111 “Chancellor Democracy” 111 The Judiciary 113 Federalism 113 International Institutions 114 Identities in Germany 117 Pre-War Identities 117 Political Culture after WWII 118 Incorporating East Germany 120 Immigration and German Identity 121 Interests in Germany 125 The Postwar Settlement 125 Political Parties 127 Challenges to the German Model 132 Conclusion 134 CHAPTER 4 France 137 CHAPTER QUESTION: Why do French citizens engage in such frequent and dramatic forms of protest?: Introduction to France 138 Historical Overview of France 141 From the Middle Ages to the Ancien Régime 141 The French Revolution and Its Aftermath 142 Regime Change in the Nineteenth Century 143 Consolidating Democracy in the Twentieth Century 143 Institutions of France 146 Semi-Presidential Democracy and the Executive Branch 147 The Legislative Branch 149 The Judicial Branch 150 Electoral Institutions 151 Identities in France 155 Class Divisions 157 Nationalism and Its Challengers 158 Religious Identities versus Laïcité 159 Post-Materialist Identities 160 Interests in France 161 Interest Groups 162 Political Parties 163 The Interests of the State 165 Examples of Protest 165 Conclusion 170 CHAPTER 5 Japan 173 CHAPTER QUESTION: How did a single political party dominate Japan’s democracy for more than half a century?: Introduction to Japan 174 Historical Overview of Japan 177 The Tokugawa Era 177 The Meiji Era 178 Economic Growth and the Rise and Decline of Democracy before World War II 179 Rebuilding in the Postwar Era 181 The 1990s 183 The 2000s 184 Institutions of Japan 188 Unitarism 189 Parliamentarism 189 Electoral System 190 The Weak Judiciary 196 The Powerful Bureaucracy 196 Identities of Japan 198 Japanese Homogeneity 198 Class Identity 200 Status in Japan 200 Disadvantaged Position of Women 202 Interests in Japan 203 Postwar Interests 204 Environmental Interest Groups 204 Modern versus Traditional Interests 206 Koizumi’s Reforms and the Fall of the LDP 210 Conclusion 212 CHAPTER 6 India 217 CHAPTER QUESTION: Why has democracy persisted in India despite its colonial legacies of ethnic and religious strife, and widespread poverty and Political Parties 140 illiteracy?: Introduction to India 218 Historical Overview of India 221 The Mughal Empire 221 The British Empire 223 The Difficult Legacy of Colonialism 226 Institutions of India 230 Federalism 231 Parliament 232 Civil-Military Relations 233 The Judiciary 234 Political Parties 235 Election Commission 237 Identities in India 239 Castes 240 Languages 242 Religion 242 The Changing Politics of Caste Identity 245 Interests in India 248 Ethnic and Minority Interests 248 Voters 249 Rural Interests 249 The Poor 250 Business Interests 250 Freedom of the Press and Mass Media 251 Conclusion 253 CHAPTER 7 Mexico 258 CHAPTER QUESTION: Why is Mexico’s democratic government unable to deal effectively with persistent poverty, corruption, and drug trafficking?: Introduction to Mexico 259 Historical Overview of Mexico 260 Colonial Mexico 260 Independent Mexico 263 The 1910 Revolution 264 The Establishment of One-Party Rule, 1917–1940 265 PRI Hegemony: 1940–1970 266 The Decline of the PRI: 1970–2000 267 Institutions of Mexico 273 Executive–Legislative Relations 274 The Judiciary 275 Federalism 277 Electoral Institutions 278 Identities in Mexico 281 Forming National Identity under the PRI 281 Ethnicity Makes a Comeback 283 Political Cleavages and Electoral Behavior 285 Interests in Mexico 287 Political Parties 287 Social Movements 289 Interest Groups 292 Conclusion 295 CHAPTER 8 Russia 300 CHAPTER QUESTION: Why has Russia failed to consolidate democracy, remaining in many ways an authoritarian regime?: Introduction to Russia 301 Historical Overview of Russia 302 Geography and the Formation of the Russian State 302 The Russian Revolution and the Rise of the USSR 306 Reform and the Collapse of the USSR 307 Institutions in Russia 310 Constitutional Crisis 1992–1993 310 The Constitution: President, Prime Minister, and Parliament 311 Federalism 313 Elections 316 The “Tandemocracy” of President and Prime M inister 319 Identities in Russia 322 Ethnic Politics 322 Chechnya and the Politics of the Caucasus 324 Russian Nationalism 325 What Happened to Class Identity? 326 Religious Identity 327 Interests in Russia 329 Economic Reform, Economic Collapse, and the Rise of the “Oligarchs” 330 Putin, the Fall of the Oligarchs, and Business Interests 332 Labor 333 Political Parties 334 Social Movements 336 Conclusion 339 CHAPTER 9 Nigeria 343 CHAPTER QUESTION: What factors account for Nigeria’s poor economic and political performance since independence?: Introduction to Nigeria 344 Historical Overview of Nigeria 346 The Pre-Colonial Period: A Diverse Territory 346 Colonial Nigeria: Unequal Regional Development 349 Nigeria since Independence: Political and Economic Crisis 351 Institutions of Nigeria 354 Nigeria’s Political Institutions in Theory 355 Nigeria’s Political Institutions in Practice 356 A “Critically Weak” State 357 Oil Dependence and State Weakness 362 Identities in Nigeria 365 Ethnic Diversity: Is Nigeria Too Diverse to Govern? 365 Ethnicity, Oil, and Violent Conflict 368 Interests of Nigeria 374 Political Parties 374 Where Is the Working Class? 377 Economic Interest Groups 379 Ethno-Regional Groups 380 The Military 380 Conclusion 382 CHAPTER 10 China 388 CHAPTER QUESTION: How has China’s authoritarian regime managed to build and consolidate state strength in just 60 years?: Introduction to China 389 Historical Overview of China 393 The Chinese Empire 393 The Chinese Republic 395 Consolidating the People’s Republic of China 396 Mao’s Attack on the State 398 The Emergence of the Contemporary PRC 400 Institutions of China 402 China’s Elite Institutions 402 Local State Government 407 The Military 409 Identities in China 411 From Totalitarian to Authoritarian Identities 411 Nationalism as a Unifying Force 414 Ethnicity and Religion as Potentially Divisive Forces 416 Interests in China 419 State Organizations: The Case of the Military 420 Local Governments 421 The Media 421 Industrial and Professional Groups 422 Non-Governmental Organizations 422 Chinese Citizens 422 Conclusion 425 CHAPTER 11 Iran 430 Introduction to Iran: Introduction to Iran 431 Historical Overview of Iran 432 Ancient Persia: From the Achaemenids to Sassanids 432 The Safavids and the Spread of Islam 435 Oil and the Rise of Nationalism in the Twentieth Century 436 The 1979 Iranian Revolution 439 Khatami and the Limits of Reform, 1997–2005 441 Ahmadinejad and Conservative Reaction, 2005–Present 442 Institutions of Iran 445 Republican Institutions 445 Islamic Institutions 448 Identities of Iran 453 Pre-Islamic “Persian”: Achaemenids to Sassanids 453 Ethnic Identities 453 Religious Identities 454 Social Classes 456 Post-Revolutionary “Hybrid” Identities Women in the Vanguard 456 Women in the Vanguard 457 Interests in Iran 459 Military Interests 459 Political Interests 460 Organized Interests 462 Nuclear and Scientific Interests 463 Examples of Protest 464 Conclusion 468 Glossary 472 A 472 B 472 C 473 D 475 E 475 F 475 G 476 H 477 I 477 J 478 K 479 L 479 M 479 N 480 O 481 P 481 R 482 S 483 T 485 U 485 V 485 W 485 X 486 Y 486 Z 486 Credits 488 Index 490 Subject Index 490 A 490 B 490 C 490 D 492 E 492 F 493 G 494 H 495 I 496 J 497 K 498 L 498 M 498 N 499 O 500 P 501 R 503 S 504 T 504 U 505 V 505 W 505 X 506 Y 506 Z 506 Name Index 508 A 508 B 508 C 508 D 508 E 508 F 508 G 509 H 509 I 509 J 509 K 509 L 509 M 509 N 510 O 510 P 510 R 510 S 510 T 510 V 510 W 510 X 511 Y 511 Z 511 Debuting in its first edition and written by a new generation of area studies experts, Case Studies in Comparative Politics follows a questions-based approach that helps readers understand different countries' political histories, institutions, identities, and interests and why each country is politically interesting and relevant. When used on its own or with the accompanying thematic survey, Case Studies in Comparative Politics asks--and answers--the same important questions that political scientists research and that are relevant to anyone interested in politics