Clean Fuels for Mobility

This book provides an overview of clean fuels for sustainable mobility by highlighting on world energy outlook, technic-economic assessment, and the key aspects of the fuel production processes and their possible large impact on various transportation sector segments. The content initially deals with different types of alternative fuels, for example, ethanol, methanol, butanol, hydrogen, biogas, biodiesel, etc. It also focuses on current trends in the automotive sector. Various aspects of the clean fuels production process and formulation to improve the combustion characteristics and efficiency toward sustainability are considered. Some of the important fuels like hydrogen, ammonia, natural gas etc. are discussed in detail. This volume will be useful for the industrial and research community involved in fuels, combustion engines, and environmental research. Preface Contents Editors and Contributors Part I General 1 Introduction to Clean Fuels for Mobility 2 Sustainable Fuels in Private Transportation–Present and Future Potential 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 Greenhouse Gas Emissions 2.1.2 Global Vehicle Fleet and Its Characteristics 2.2 Direct Fuel Substitutes 2.2.1 Ethanol 2.2.2 Biodiesel 2.3 Other Alternative Fuels 2.3.1 Electricity 2.3.2 Green Hydrogen 2.3.3 Biogas 2.4 Comparison of the Analyzed Alternative Fuels 2.4.1 Travel Economy 2.4.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Alternative Fuels 2.5 Summary and Conclusions References 3 Fuels for Sustainable Transport in India 3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 Sustainability and Reliability of a Fuel 3.2 Various Technical Parameters of a Fuel 3.2.1 Physico-chemical Parameters 3.2.2 Ignition Parameters 3.2.3 Safety Parameters 3.3 Alternative Transport Energy Sources in India 3.3.1 Fossil-Based Fuels 3.3.2 Non-fossil Based Fuels 3.4 Futuristic Energy Sources for India 3.4.1 Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) 3.4.2 Ethanol 3.4.3 Hydrogen 3.5 Discussion 3.6 Conclusion References Part II Biofuels for Sustainable Mobility 4 Alternative Refinery Process of Fuel Catalytic Upgrade in Aqueous Media 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Octane Boosters 4.2.1 Historical Overview—Environmental Legislation 4.2.2 Gasoline Ether Oxygenates (GEOs) 4.3 Alternative Fuel Upgrade 4.3.1 Applied Heterogenized Homogeneous Catalysis 4.3.2 Materials and Methods 4.3.3 Results and Discussion 4.4 Conclusions References 5 Ethanol Derived from Municipal Solid Waste for Sustainable Mobility 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Generation and Disposal 5.1.2 Waste to Energy and Mobility Fuel 5.1.3 Objectives 5.2 MSW to Ethanol Conversion 5.3 Methods 5.3.1 Scope and Functional Unit 5.3.2 Waste Composition 5.3.3 Life Cycle Inventory 5.4 Results and Discussion 5.5 Conclusion References 6 Bioethanol from Wastes for Mobility: Europe on the Road to Sustainability 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Biofuels: Current and Prospective Status 6.2.1 The Biofuel Concept 6.2.2 Biofuels as Main Driving Forces for a Bio-based Economy 6.2.3 The Role of Biofuels in the Transport Sector 6.2.4 EU Policies and Directives on Biofuels 6.2.5 The Evolution of the Biofuels Market 6.3 Bioethanol from Wastes 6.3.1 Cellulosic Ethanol from Wastes: The Current Scenario 6.3.2 Other Unexploited Wastes: The Particular Case of Portugal 6.3.3 Main Challenges Related to the Conversion of Wastes into Cellulosic Ethanol 6.4 Conclusions References 7 Bio-derived and Waste Fats Use for the Production of Drop-In Fuels 7.1 Introduction 7.2 About the Mechanism of Fats Cracking 7.3 Pyrolytic Conversion of Fatty Acids to Drop-In Fuels 7.3.1 A Concise History of the First Studies on Triglycerides Cracking 7.3.2 Thermals Cracking of Fatty Acids 7.3.3 From Waste to Value: Use of Waste Streams Source for Drop-In Fuels Production via Fats Pyrolysis 7.3.4 Catalytic Upgrading of Thermal Cracked Fats 7.4 Conclusions References 8 Biodiesel as a Clean Fuel for Mobility 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Sustainability of Biodiesel Engines 8.3 The Power Output in the CI Combustion of Biodiesel 8.4 The Emission Level in the CI Combustion of Biodiesel 8.4.1 PM Emission 8.4.2 NOx Emission 8.4.3 CO Emission 8.4.4 HC Emission 8.5 Biodiesel and Low-Temperature Combustion Engines 8.6 Conclusions References Part III Biogas for Sustainable Mobility 9 Ammonia for Decarbonized Maritime Transportation 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Ammonia: History, Production, Properties, and Applications 9.2.1 History of Ammonia as a Fuel 9.2.2 Production of Ammonia 9.2.3 Properties of Ammonia 9.2.4 Ammonia-Fuelled Studies 9.2.5 Ammonia Projects and Industrial Developments 9.3 Discussion 9.3.1 Barriers and Facilitators 9.3.2 Comparison of Promising Alternative Marine Fuels 9.4 Summary References 10 Biogas as a Sustainable and Renewable Energy Source 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Agricultural Biogas Plants and the Anaerobic Digestion Process 10.2.1 Anaerobic Digestion 10.2.2 Components of a Biogas Plant 10.3 Substrates for Biogas Production 10.3.1 Agricultural Sector 10.3.2 Agri-Food Sector 10.3.3 Innovative Substrates 10.4 Products of the Anaerobic Digestion Process 10.4.1 Biogas 10.4.2 Digestate 10.5 Application of Biogas 10.6 Conclusion References 11 Natural Gas as a Clean Fuel for Mobility 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Natural Gas in SI Engines 11.2.1 Performance 11.2.2 Emissions 11.3 NG Fuel in the CI Engines 11.3.1 Performance 11.3.2 Emissions 11.4 The NG/Diesel Dual-Fuel Engines 11.4.1 Emissions 11.4.2 NOx 11.4.3 CO 11.4.4 HC 11.4.5 PM 11.5 Conclusions References