Clinical Tuberculosis

Entirely updated and revised, the 6th edition of Clinical Tuberculosis continues to provide the TB physician with a definitive and erudite account of the latest techniques in diagnosis, treatment and control of TB, including an overview of the latest guidelines from the CDC and WHO. With an increased emphasis on the clinical aspects and treatment, this book will be an invaluable resource to the TB practitioner in public health or clinical practice and an ideal reference to laboratory staff. Key Features Completely updated and reorganized Includes brand new chapters on radiology and an overview of the latest WHO, ATS/CDC/IDSA, ERS, NICE, CTS and IUATLD guidelines Clinically focused to provide up-to-date guidance on diagnosis, treatment and control Edited by three renowned experts in the field of tuberculosis Cover......Page 1 Half Title......Page 2 Title Page......Page 4 Copyright Page......Page 5 Dedication......Page 6 Contents......Page 8 Foreword......Page 10 Preface......Page 14 Editors......Page 16 Contributors......Page 18 Part I: Background......Page 22 Introduction......Page 24 Evidence for the presence of TB in the past......Page 25 The antiquity of TB from a global perspective......Page 26 Humans, urbanization, and industrialization......Page 27 Historical and pictorial data......Page 30 Biomolecular evidence for TB from ancient skeletal remains......Page 31 TB in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries......Page 32 References......Page 33 The length and breadth of tuberculosis epidemiology......Page 38 What is the burden of TB worldwide, and which countries are most affected?......Page 39 Why does M. tuberculosis cause epidemics of a low-incidence disease that run over centuries?......Page 40 Why did TB decline in Europe and North America for most of the twentieth century?......Page 41 Why do some people get TB and not others?......Page 42 What factors can explain resurgences of TB, like those seen in Africa and the former Soviet countries since 1990?......Page 43 Does variation between M. tuberculosis strains modify the natural history, epidemiology, and control of TB epidemics?......Page 44 Does TB influence the epidemiology of other diseases (or vice versa)?......Page 45 How can current strategies be enhanced to improve control of TB epidemics?......Page 46 Will TB become resistant to all antibiotics?......Page 49 How can novel tools and pharmacological interventions contribute to ending TB epidemics?......Page 50 Conclusions......Page 51 References......Page 52 Part II: Pathology and immunology......Page 60 Introduction: The global problem and TB in infectious disease history......Page 62 The genome of M. tuberculosis......Page 63 Knowledge of M. tuberculosis phenotypes, genotypes, and clinical implications......Page 65 Concluding remarks......Page 68 References......Page 69 Natural history and immunopathology......Page 72 Virulence factors......Page 73 Control of MTB infection: Innate mechanisms......Page 74 Immunogenetics of TB......Page 77 Acquired resistance to MTB......Page 78 Immune responses in human TB......Page 83 HIV and pathogenesis of TB......Page 85 References......Page 87 Part III: Transmission......Page 98 Genotyping methods......Page 100 Recent transmission......Page 103 Clinical and public health applications......Page 107 References......Page 111 Introduction......Page 118 Interventions......Page 124 FAST: Find cases Actively, Separate, and Treat Effectively based on rapid molecular diagnostic testing......Page 125 Environmental control interventions......Page 126 Respiratory protection, respirators and surgical masks......Page 129 References......Page 130 Part IV: Diagnosis of Active Disease and Latent Infection......Page 134 Diagnosis of pulmonary TB in a public health context......Page 136 Guiding principles of TB diagnostic evaluation......Page 137 History and physical examination......Page 138 Chest radiography......Page 139 Specimen collection methods......Page 140 Current sputum tests......Page 141 References......Page 145 Primary tuberculosis......Page 150 Reactivation tuberculosis......Page 155 Healing......Page 160 Tuberculosis or cancer?......Page 163 Tuberculosis and non-HIV-related immunosuppression......Page 164 HIV-related tuberculosis......Page 165 Atypical mycobacteriosis: HIV- and non-HIV-related......Page 168 Look-alikes......Page 171 Acknowledgments......Page 173 Currently available immunodiagnostics......Page 174 Latent tuberculosis......Page 175 The predictive power of IGRAs for progression to active TB......Page 178 The unmet clinical need in LTBI diagnostics......Page 182 References......Page 187 Part V: Drugs and Vaccines for Tuberculosis......Page 194 Introduction......Page 196 Isoniazid......Page 197 Rifampicin......Page 198 Pyrazinamide......Page 199 Ethambutol......Page 200 Rifabutin......Page 201 Moxifloxacin......Page 202 Levofloxacin......Page 203 Aminoglycosides......Page 204 Capreomycin......Page 205 Para-Aminosalicylic acid......Page 206 Thioamides......Page 207 Linezolid......Page 208 Clofazimine......Page 209 Bedaquiline......Page 210 Delamanid......Page 211 Clarithromycin......Page 212 Carbapenems......Page 213 References......Page 214 Key sources not specifically cited......Page 222 Finding New drugs......Page 224 Improving existing drugs......Page 226 Reusing old drugs......Page 229 Host-direct therapy......Page 231 Conclusions......Page 232 References......Page 233 Bacille Calmette–Guérin......Page 238 BCG efficacy......Page 239 Protective immunity against .Mycobacterium tuberculosis......Page 241 New vaccine approaches......Page 242 Challenges in vaccine development......Page 245 Conclusions......Page 247 References......Page 248 Part VI: Clinical Aspects and Treatment......Page 256 Progressive primary tuberculosis......Page 258 Post-primary TB......Page 260 Complications......Page 261 Treatment regimens......Page 263 References......Page 267 Epidemiology......Page 270 Clinical manifestations and diagnosis: General comments......Page 272 Extrapulmonary TB: Specific sites of disease (alphabetical order)......Page 273 References......Page 281 Epidemiology of the convergent TB and HIV epidemics......Page 288 The importance of social determinants in origin and spread of current HIV/TB epidemics......Page 293 Clinical features of pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB in PLWH......Page 295 Laboratory diagnosis of TB and HIV coinfection......Page 296 Integrated management of TB and HIV infection and disease......Page 297 Studies supporting TB/HIV treatment integration strategy......Page 299 Integrated treatment of TB in PLWH......Page 300 Preventing TB in PLWH......Page 306 Needed earlier identification of PLWH with and at-risk for TB......Page 312 Achieving implementation of TB and HIV integration......Page 313 Conclusion......Page 316 References......Page 317 Introduction......Page 322 Clinical and molecular epidemiology......Page 323 Diagnosis of MDR-TB and resistance beyond MDR-TB......Page 325 Management of MDR- and resistance beyond MDR-TB......Page 328 Person-centered care for DR-TB: Human rights, treatment support, and palliative care......Page 337 References......Page 338 Diagnosis......Page 348 Management......Page 351 References......Page 362 Tuberculosis in children......Page 364 Tuberculosis in pregnant women and the newborn......Page 382 References......Page 387 Treatment of latent TB......Page 394 Medication......Page 395 Risk factors......Page 397 Medical risk factors......Page 400 Completion of treatment......Page 403 Contacts of drug-resistant TB cases......Page 404 References......Page 405 Part VII: Official Statements: Comparison of national and international Recommendations......Page 412 Drug-sensitive tuberculosis......Page 414 References......Page 419 Part VIII: Control......Page 420 Introduction......Page 422 Part I: The cases......Page 423 Part II: The approach......Page 425 References......Page 429 Part IX: Related Aspects......Page 434 History......Page 436 Pathogenesis and transmission of tuberculosis......Page 438 Epidemiology......Page 439 Transmission of infection by ingestion......Page 441 Diagnostic tests......Page 444 Treatment......Page 447 Control......Page 448 Risk to humans......Page 451 References......Page 452 Index......Page 458 The History of Tuberculosis from Earliest Times to the Development of Drugs / Charlotte A. Roberts, Jane E. Buikstra -- Epidemiology / Grant Theron, Ted Cohen and Christopher Dye -- Mycobacterium tuberculosis -- The Genetic Organism / William R. Jacobs, Jr. -- Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis / Divya Reddy and Jerrold J. Ellner -- Using Genotyping and Molecular Surveillance to Investigate Tuberculosis Transmission / Sarah Talarico, Laura F. Anderson, and Benjamin J. Silk -- Tuberculosis Transmission Control / Edward A. Nardell -- Diagnosis of Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis / J. Lucian Davis -- Radiology of Mycobacterial Disease / Anne McB. Curtis, M.D -- Diagnosis of Latent TB Infection / Ajit Lalvani, Clementine Fraser and Manish Pareek -- Clinical Pharmacology of the Anti-tuberculosis drugs / Gerry Davies and Charles Peloquin -- New Developments in Drug Treatment / Alexander S. Pym, Camus Nimmo and James Millard -- BCG and Other Vaccines / Helen McShane and Rachel Tanner -- Pulmonary Tuberculosis / Charles S. Dela Cruz, Barbara Seaworth and Graham Bothamley -- Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis / Charles L. Daley -- Tuberculosis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Co-infection / Charisse Mandimika and Gerald Friedland -- Drug Resistant Tuberculosis -- Keertan Dheda, Aliasgar Esmail, Anzaan Dippenaar, Robin Warren, Jennifer Furin and Christoph Lange -- The Surgical Management of Tuberculosis and Its Complications / Richard S. Steyn -- Tuberculosis in Childhood and Pregnancy / Lindsay H. Cameron and Jeffrey R. Starke -- Treatment of Latent Tuberculosis Infection Including Risk Factors for the Development of Tuberculosis / Martin Dedicoat -- Treatment Guidelines for Active Drug Susceptible and Drug Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Latent Tuberculosis Infection / Lynn E. Sosa and Lloyd N. Friedman -- Tuberculosis Epidemic-Control : A Comprehensive Strategy To Drive Down Tuberculosis / Salmaan Keshavjee, Tom Nicholson, Aamir J. Khan, Lucica Ditiu, Paul E. Farmer and Mercedes C. Becerra -- Animal Tuberculosis / Catherine Wilson "Entirely updated and revised, the 6th edition of Clinical Tuberculosis continues to provide the TB physician with a definitive and erudite account of the latest techniques in diagnosis, treatment and control of TB, including an overview of the latest guidelines from the CDC and WHO"-- Provided by publisher