Colloidal Self-Assembly 108

This concise book covers fundamental principles of colloidal self-assembly and overviews of basic and applied research in this field, with abundant illustrations and photographs. Experimental and computer simulation methods to study the colloidal self-assembly are demonstrated. Complementary videos "Visual Guide to Study Colloidal Self-Assembly" on the research procedures and assembly processes are available via SpringerLink to support learning. The book explains basic elements of mechanics and electromagnetism required to study the colloidal self-assembly, so that graduate students of chemistry and engineering courses can learn the contents on their own. It reviews important research topics, including the authors' works on the colloidal self-assembly of more than 30 years’ work. The principal topics include: (1) crystallization of colloidal dispersions, with the emphasis on the role of surface charges, (2) fabrication of large and high-quality colloidal crystals by applying controlled growth methods, (3) association and crystallization by depletion attraction in the presence of polymers, (4) clustering of colloidal particles, especially those in oppositely charged systems, and (5) two-dimensional colloidal crystals. Furthermore, it covers (6) applications of colloidal crystals, ranging from cosmetics to sensing materials. We also describe space experiments on colloidal self-assembly in the International Space Station. This book will interest graduate school students in colloid and polymer science, pharmaceutics, soft matter physics, material sciences, and chemical engineering courses. It will also be a useful guide for individuals in academia and industry undertaking research in this field. Preface Contents 1 An Introduction to Colloid Science and Colloidal Self-Assembly 1.1 What is a Colloid? 1.2 Why Do We Study the Self-Assembly of Colloidal Particles? 1.2.1 To Elucidate Colloidal Assembly in Nature 1.2.2 As Models to Study the Phase Behavior of Atomic and Molecular Systems 1.2.3 As Novel Materials 1.3 Outline of the Book References 2 Fundamentals of Colloidal Self-Assembly 2.1 Stability and Stabilization of Colloids 2.2 Interaction Between Two Colloidal Particles 2.2.1 Interaction Pair Potential 2.2.2 Hard-Sphere Repulsion 2.2.3 Van der Waals Force 2.2.4 Electrostatic Interaction 2.2.5 Depletion Attraction 2.2.6 Total Potential and Stabilization of the Colloidal System 2.3 Crystallization of Various Colloids 2.3.1 Hard-Sphere Colloids 2.3.2 Charged Colloids 2.3.3 Depletion Attraction 2.4 Opal-Type Colloidal Crystals References 3 Experimental Methods 3.1 Preparation of Colloidal Samples 3.1.1 Synthesis of Polystyrene Particle 3.1.2 Sample Purification 3.2 Characterization of Colloid 3.2.1 Particle Volume Fraction 3.2.2 Particle Size 3.2.3 Particle Surface Charge 3.3 Formations of Colloidal Crystals 3.3.1 Opal-Type Crystal 3.3.2 Charged Colloidal Crystals 3.3.3 Crystallization by Depletion Attraction 3.4 Characterization of Crystal Structure 3.4.1 Microscopy 3.4.2 Spectroscopy 3.4.3 Kikuchi–Kossel Diffraction 3.4.4 Scattering Experiments (USAXS) References 4 Numerical Simulation Methods 4.1 Molecular Simulation: An Example 4.2 Methods of Data Analysis 4.3 Colloidal Systems 4.3.1 Brownian Motion as a Stochastic Process 4.3.2 Brownian Dynamics 4.3.3 Monte Carlo Method 4.4 Examples of Numerical Studies of Colloidal Systems 4.4.1 General Description of the Numerical Model 4.4.2 Charged Colloids 4.4.3 Numerical Simulation: Crystallization of Charged Colloids 4.4.4 Numerical Simulation: Clustering in Binary Charged Colloids 4.4.5 Numerical Simulation: Colloids with Added Polymers References 5 Studies on Colloidal Self-Assembly 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 Crystal Growth 5.1.2 Overview of This Chapter 5.2 Unidirectional Crystallization of Charged Colloids 5.2.1 Formation of Large Crystals by Addition of Base 5.2.2 Unidirectional Crystallization of Charged Colloids Under pH Gradients 5.2.3 Theoretical Growth Curve 5.3 Effect of Temperature on the Crystallization of Charged Colloids 5.3.1 Temperature Dependence of Electrostatic Interaction 5.3.2 Temperature Dependence of Base Dissociation 5.3.3 Temperature Dependence of Ionic Surfactant Adsorption 5.3.4 Crystallization Under Temperature Gradient 5.3.5 Zone Melting 5.4 Impurity Exclusions and Phase Separation 5.4.1 Behavior of Multicomponent Colloids 5.4.2 Impurity Exclusions on Crystallization 5.4.3 Impurity Exclusions on Grain Growth 5.4.4 Impurity Exclusions on Controlled Crystallization 5.4.5 Depletion-Attraction Systems References 6 Applied Research on Colloidal Self-Assembly 6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 Applications of Colloidal Crystals 6.1.2 Space Experiments on Colloids 6.2 Gel Immobilization of Charged Colloidal Crystals 6.2.1 Gel Immobilization Methods 6.2.2 Tuning the Diffraction Wavelength Using Gel Deformation 6.3 Microgel Crystals 6.4 Gold Colloidal Crystals and Their Application for SERS 6.4.1 Surface Plasmon Resonance 6.4.2 Raman Scattering 6.4.3 Crystallization of Gold Colloids and Performance as SERS Substrates 6.5 Space Experiments on Colloidal Self-Assembly 6.5.1 The Three-Dimensional Photonic Crystal (3DPC) Project 6.5.2 The Colloidal Clusters Project References 7 Summary of the Book and Future Perspective 7.1 Summary of the Book 7.2 Perspective of the Research on Colloidal Self-Assembly 7.2.1 Anisotropic Interaction 7.2.2 Novel Self-Assembly Structures 7.2.3 Diamond Lattice 7.2.4 Active Matter 7.2.5 Concluding Remarks References 8 Appendix Index