Combustion Engineering Issues for Solid Fuel Systems

Design, construct and utilize fuel systems using this comprehensive reference work. Combustion Engineering Issues for Solid Fuel Systems combines modeling, policy/regulation and fuel properties with cutting edge breakthroughs in solid fuel combustion for electricity generation and industrial applications. This book moves beyond theory to provide readers with real-life experiences and tips for addressing the various technical, operational and regulatory issues that are associated with the use of fuels. With the latest information on CFD modeling and emission control technologies, Combustion Engineering Issues for Solid Fuel Systems is the book practicing engineers as well as managers and policy makers have been waiting for. • Provides the latest information on CFD modeling and emission control technologies • Comprehensive coverage of combustion systems and fuel types • Addresses policy and regulatory concerns at a technical level • Tackles various technical and operational issues cover.jpg......Page 1 Dedication......Page 2 Preface......Page 3 List of Authors......Page 7 Overview......Page 9 A Perspective on Solid Fuel Utilization......Page 10 Fuels and Combustion Technology Development......Page 12 Characteristics of Solid Fuels......Page 13 Some Economic Considerations of Solid Fuels......Page 16 The Combustion Process for Solid Fuels......Page 19 Heating and Drying......Page 20 Pyrolysis or Devolatilization......Page 23 Volatile Oxidation Reactions......Page 26 Char Oxidation Reactions......Page 27 Formation of Airborne Emissions......Page 29 Reactions of Inorganic Matter......Page 30 Combustion and Heat Release......Page 32 Fuel Quality and Fuel Management......Page 34 Fuel Preparation......Page 35 Burners and the Combustion Systems......Page 36 Post-Combustion Controls......Page 37 References......Page 38 Introduction to Coal......Page 41 Coal Formation and Coalification......Page 42 Coal Rank......Page 45 Coal Type......Page 46 International Classification System......Page 49 World Coal Reserves......Page 52 United States Coal Resources and Reserves......Page 55 Coal Production......Page 56 World Coal Production......Page 59 United States Coal Production......Page 60 Traditional Coal Characterization Methods and Their Industrial Application......Page 69 Proximate Analysis......Page 77 Heating Value......Page 78 Ash Composition......Page 79 Free-Swelling Index (FSI)......Page 80 Nontraditional Characterization Methods and Their Industrial Application......Page 81 Coal Reactivity......Page 82 Volatile Matter Evolution Patterns......Page 85 References......Page 88 Introduction......Page 90 The Use of Alternative Fuels in Electric Utility Boilers......Page 91 Cofiring Alternative Fuels in Process Industries and Independent Power Producers......Page 93 Petroleum Coke......Page 94 Fuel Characteristics of Petroleum Coke......Page 95 Proximate and Ultimate Analysis of Petroleum Coke......Page 96 Ash Characteristics of Petroleum Coke......Page 97 Petroleum Coke Utilization in Cyclone Boilers......Page 99 Cofiring Petroleum Coke in Pulverized Coal Boilers......Page 100 Petroleum Coke Utilization in Fluidized-Bed Boilers......Page 101 Woody Biomass......Page 103 Types of Woody Biomass Fuels......Page 105 Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Woody Biomass Fuels......Page 106 Inorganic Matter in Woody Biomass......Page 107 Trace Metal Concentrations......Page 108 Using Woody Biomass in Dedicated Boilers......Page 109 Woody Biomass in Pulverized Coal Firing Applications......Page 113 Cofiring Woody Biomass in Cyclone Boilers......Page 114 Conclusions Regarding Using Woody Biomass as an Alternative Fuel......Page 115 Tire-Derived Fuel (TDF)......Page 117 General Description of Tire-Derived Fuel......Page 118 Proximate and Ultimate Analysis of Tire-Derived Fuel......Page 119 Ash Constituents of TDF......Page 120 Cofiring Applications with Tire-Derived Fuel......Page 121 Summary Regarding TDF as an Alternative Fuel......Page 122 Types of Herbaceous Biomass Fuels......Page 123 Sources and Uses of Herbaceous Materials......Page 124 Density of Switchgrass and Related Materials......Page 125 Proximate and Ultimate Analysis of Switchgrass and Related Agricultural Materials......Page 126 Ash Chemistry for Herbaceous Biomass Fuels......Page 128 Herbaceous Crop Summary......Page 130 References......Page 131 Introduction......Page 139 Distribution of Inorganic Constituents in Coal......Page 142 Methods of Determining Inorganic Composition......Page 143 Subbituminous Coals......Page 154 Bituminous Coals......Page 155 World-Traded Coals......Page 156 Ash Formation: Transformation of Coal Inorganic Constituents......Page 157 Deposition Phenomena in Utility Boilers......Page 159 Slagging Deposits......Page 161 Fouling Deposits......Page 162 High-emperature Fouling......Page 163 Low-Temperature Fouling......Page 164 Ash Impacts on SCR Catalyst......Page 165 Deposit Thermal Properties......Page 166 Deposit Strength Development......Page 167 Deposit Characterization......Page 168 References......Page 173 Introduction......Page 177 Types of Fuel Blending......Page 178 The Reasons for Fuel Blending......Page 179 Issues for Fuel Blending......Page 180 Equipment and Controls Issues Associated with Fuel Blending......Page 181 The Blending System at Monroe Power Plant......Page 182 Alternative Blending Systems......Page 183 Fuel and Combustion Effects of Blending......Page 187 Development of Combustion Models as an Analytical Tool......Page 188 Volatility and Volatile Release Patterns......Page 191 Ash Chemistry......Page 193 Operational Issues with Fuel Blending......Page 199 Managing Blend Changes......Page 200 References......Page 202 Fuel Preparation......Page 204 Fuel Types......Page 205 Fuel Issues......Page 206 Coal......Page 207 Petroleum-Based Products......Page 209 Biomass......Page 210 Storage Capacity......Page 211 Silo/Bunker Design Considerations......Page 213 Solid Fuel Flow Control......Page 216 Fuel Sizing Equipment......Page 219 Pulverized Coal System Analysis Guidelines......Page 230 Mill Sizing and Standard Ratings......Page 231 Coal Mill Capacity and Capability Analysis......Page 234 Coal Throughput Capability......Page 235 Air Heater Leakage......Page 237 Thermal Requirements......Page 239 Coal Mill Capability Test Plan......Page 242 References......Page 244 Overview......Page 246 Pulverized Firing Systems......Page 247 Electricity Generation......Page 248 Industrial Boilers, Kilns, and Process Heaters......Page 251 Fuel Selection......Page 252 Operational Considerations......Page 254 NOx......Page 255 Other Emissions (Hazardous Air Pollutants)......Page 256 Basic Description and Identification of Types......Page 257 Fuel Selection for Stokers......Page 258 Design Parameters......Page 259 Functioning of Grates......Page 260 Applications......Page 261 Wall-Fired Pulverized Coal Boilers and Firing Systems......Page 262 Tangentially Fired Pulverized Coal Boilers......Page 267 Pulverized Coal Burner Systems......Page 269 Fuel Preparation......Page 270 Overfire Air Systems as Burner-Based Emissions Control......Page 272 Basic Description and Identification of Types......Page 273 Design and Operating Parameters......Page 274 Concluding Statements......Page 276 References......Page 277 Introduction......Page 280 Fluidized-Bed Combustion Systems......Page 281 Bubbling Fluidized-Bed Combustion (BFBC)......Page 283 Circulating Fluidized-Bed Combustion (CFBC)......Page 285 Pressurized Fluidized-Bed Combustion (PFBC)......Page 287 Heat Transfer......Page 288 Fuel Flexibility......Page 289 Pollutant Formation and Control......Page 293 Transformation of Sorbents in the FBC Process......Page 294 Bed Temperature......Page 296 Combustor Pressure......Page 297 Porosity......Page 298 Particle Size......Page 299 NOx Formation......Page 300 Combustion Temperature......Page 301 NOx Reduction Techniques......Page 302 Carbon Monoxide/Hydrocarbons......Page 303 Trace Elements......Page 304 Ash Chemistry and Agglomeration Issues......Page 306 Chemical Fractionation of Biomass......Page 308 Results of the Chemical Fractionation Study......Page 309 Thermodynamic Modeling to Predict Inorganic Phases......Page 316 Viscosity of Inorganic Melt Phases......Page 321 Viscosity Results......Page 324 Conclusions......Page 325 FBC Boilers and Their Role in Clean Coal Technology Development......Page 326 Clean Coal Technology Development Program (CCTDP)......Page 327 Worldwide......Page 329 Unique Opportunities for FBCs......Page 330 Background of Opportunity/Food Industry Issue......Page 331 Disposal Options......Page 333 Summary of ATB/Coal Cofiring in a Pilot-Scale Fluidized-Bed Combustor......Page 334 NCBA/Cargill Food Solutions Tests......Page 335 DOE Oxygen-Enhanced Combustion Testing......Page 337 References......Page 338 Introduction......Page 346 Introduction......Page 347 Collection......Page 348 Equipment Arrangement......Page 350 Resistivity......Page 351 Process Control......Page 352 Operating an Electrostatic Precipitator......Page 356 Excess Air......Page 358 Stack Gas Temperature......Page 359 Coal Chemistry......Page 360 Diagnostics......Page 361 Resistivity Conditioning......Page 365 Overview......Page 366 Basic Principles......Page 367 Shaker Design......Page 368 Reverse-Air Design......Page 369 Collection Efficiency......Page 370 Acid Gases of Importance: SO2, HCl......Page 371 Typical Designs/Scale of Operations......Page 372 Typical Designs/Scale of Operation......Page 374 Efficiencies......Page 375 Basic Principles......Page 376 Reactions......Page 377 Kinetics and Thermodynamics......Page 379 Introduction......Page 381 Selective Noncatalytic Reduction (SNCR)......Page 382 System Designs......Page 383 Catalyst Types......Page 384 Mercury Emissions from Existing Control Technologies from Coal-Fired Power Plants......Page 385 Technologies for Mercury Control......Page 388 Overview of Powdered Activated Carbon Injection for Mercury Control......Page 389 Balance-of-Plant Issues......Page 392 Wet Flue Gas Desulfurization......Page 393 Post-Combustion Carbon Dioxide Scrubbing......Page 394 References......Page 395 Introduction......Page 397 Analytical Modeling......Page 398 Background......Page 400 Identify Current Fuels Opportunities......Page 401 Validate Objectives and Develop Effective Design......Page 403 Successfully Applying Computer Technology to Fuels Control......Page 407 AccuTrack Situation Challenges and Response......Page 412 Discrete Element Modeling (DEM)......Page 414 Stochastic Model......Page 415 Bunker Geometry......Page 416 Validation of Bunker Modeling......Page 419 Conclusions Regarding the AccuTrack Approach to Computer Management of Fuel Properties......Page 424 Summary......Page 425 Introduction to Gasification......Page 426 Gasification Theory......Page 427 Bed Type......Page 430 Other Configurations and Processes......Page 432 Feed Preparation......Page 433 Operating Temperature......Page 434 Oxidant......Page 435 Primary Syngas Cooling......Page 436 Fuel Issues......Page 438 Shell......Page 439 Siemens (formerly Future Energy GSP)......Page 442 KBR Transport Gasifier......Page 444 Lurgi......Page 445 Sulfur Compounds......Page 446 Oxygen......Page 447 Mercury......Page 448 Introduction......Page 449 Desulfurization......Page 450 Physical Washes......Page 451 Selexol......Page 452 Rectisol......Page 453 COS Hydrolysis......Page 456 CO Shift......Page 457 High-Temperature (HT) Shift......Page 458 Raw Gas Shift......Page 459 Integrated Gasification-Combined Cycle (IGCC)......Page 460 Gasification Block......Page 462 Gas Treatment and Sulfur Recovery......Page 463 Combined Cycle Power Plant......Page 464 Methanol......Page 465 Environmental Impact......Page 467 Start-up Emissions......Page 468 Capital Requirements......Page 469 References......Page 470 Introduction......Page 472 Combustion Engineers Do Not Make Policy......Page 474 Combustion Engineers Respond to Policy......Page 475 Environmental Policy and the Engineering Response......Page 476 Environmental Policy and Legislation Since 1990......Page 477 Mechanisms of Engineering Response to Environmental Policy......Page 480 Energy Policy and Combustion Engineering......Page 483 Deregulation and Its Precursors......Page 484 Other Federal, State, Local, and Private Policies Impacting Combustion Engineers......Page 485 References......Page 487 Index......Page 488 "Design, construct and utilize fuel systems using this comprehensive reference work. Combustion Engineering Issues for Solid Fuel Systems combines modeling, policy/regulation and fuel properties with breakthroughs in solid fuel combustion for electricity generation and industrial applications. Combustion Engineering Issues for Solid Fuel Systems will be of use to practicing engineers as well as managers and policy makers."--BOOK JACKET