Communicating Across Cultures, Second Edition

This highly regarded text--now revised and expanded with 50% new material--helps students and professionals build their knowledge and competencies for effective intercultural communication in any setting. The authors' comprehensive, updated theoretical framework (integrative identity negotiation theory) reveals how both verbal and nonverbal communication are affected by multilayered facets of identity. Written in a candid, conversational style, the book is rich with engaging examples illustrating cultural conflicts and misunderstandings that arise in workplace, educational, interpersonal, and community contexts. Readers learn how to transform polarized conversations into successful intercultural engagements by combining knowledge about culture with mindful listening and communication skills. New to This Edition \*Extensively revised to reflect the ongoing development of integrative identity negotiation theory, nearly 20 years of research advances, the growing diversity of the United States, and global trends. \*Chapter providing a mindfulness lens on intercultural and intergroup communication competence. \*Chapter on culture shock in sojourners (international students, global businesspeople, and others). \*Chapter on immigrants' acculturation processes. \*Lively chapter-opening case examples, including compelling personal stories. \*End-of-chapter summaries, "Mindful Guidelines" to put into practice, and critical thinking questions. \*New and expanded discussions of hot topics: cross-cultural workplaces, community building, peace building, romantic relationships, prejudice and discrimination, microaggressions, and ethical issues. Cover Half Title Page Title Page Copyright Preface Acknowledgments Brief Contents Extended Contents Part I. Conceptual Foundations and Contextual Settings 1. Intercultural Communication: An Introduction Introduction Why Study Intercultural Communication? Global Boundary‐Crossing Trends Domestic Diversity Trends New Media Trends in Intercultural Communication Intergroup–Interpersonal Discovery Opportunities Cultivating Mindful Communication Practice What Is Intercultural Communication? Conceptualization of Culture Conceptualization of Intercultural Communication Five Core Assumptions of Intercultural Communication Chapter Summary and Mindful Guidelines Critical Thinking and Connective Application Questions 2. Intercultural–Intergroup Engagement: An Integrative Identity Negotiation Theory Framework An Intercultural Journey: A Case Story Introduction Theorizing and Researching Intercultural–Intergroup Communication Functional/Social Scientific Paradigm Interpretive Paradigm Critical/Cultural Studies Paradigm An Integrative Identity Negotiation Theory Framework Identity Negotiation Theory: Key Backdrop Ideas Identity Negotiation Theory: Key Assumptions Understanding Core Composite Identity Domains Sociocultural Membership: Cultural Identity and Ethnic Identity Religious/Spiritual Identity Gender Identity Stigmatized Group‐Based Identities Sociorelational Role Identities: Family Role and Generational Role Identities Relational Role and Professional Role Identities Personal Identity Attributes Symbolic Interaction Identities Complex Sociocultural Identity Intersection: A Summary Chapter Summary and Mindful Guidelines Critical Thinking and Connective Application Questions 3. Sojourners’ Culture Shock and Intercultural Adjustment Patterns Culture Shock: A Cup of Tea Interview Case Story Introduction Different Types of Sojourners: Motivations and Expectations Adjustment Motivations and Expectations International Students and Cultural Exchange Student Sojourners Global Workplace Transferees and Global Mobility Families Third‐Culture Kids/Global Nomads Tourists as Short‐Term Sojourners Culture Shock: Conceptualization and Implications Culture Shock: An ABC Model The Pros and Cons of Culture Shock: Implications Navigating Intercultural Adjustment: Underlying Factors and Models Underlying Factors Intercultural Adjustment Models: Developmental Patterns Reentry Culture Shock: Surprises and Resocialization Surprising Elements Resocialization: Profiles of Different Returnees Where Is Home? Chapter Summary and Mindful Guidelines Critical Thinking and Connective Application Questions 4. Immigrants’ Acculturation Process and Intergroup Contacts An Intercultural Dating Dilemma: Immigrants’ Intergenerational Clash Case Story Introduction Intercultural Acculturation: Antecedent Factors Systems‐Level Factors Individual‐Level Factors Interpersonal‐Level Factors Intergroup Contacts and Adaptation Strategies Identity Change Models for Immigrants and Minority Members Intergroup Social Identity Complexity Intergroup Communication Challenges and Adaptation Intergroup Interaction Strategies: Strategic Adaptation Immigrants’ Acculturation Outcomes Systems‐Level and Interpersonal‐Level Outcomes Personal Identity Change Outcomes Chapter Summary and Mindful Guidelines Critical Thinking and Connective Application Questions Part II. Navigating Intercultural and Intergroup Communication with Mindfulness 5. Developing Intercultural and Intergroup Communication Competence: A Mindfulness Lens Friendly Teasing or Verbal Harassment?: A Case Story Introduction Integrative Identity Negotiation Competence: Criteria Intercultural Competence Criteria: Interaction Yardsticks Intergroup Competence Criteria: Interaction Yardsticks Culture‐Sensitive Competence Components Acquiring the Culture‐Sensitive and Identity‐Sensitive Knowledge Component Developing the Flexible Mind-Set and Open‐Hearted Attitudes Component Sharpening Intercultural–Intergroup Communication Capacities and the Skillsets Component Intercultural–Intergroup Desired Outcomes: Transformative Movements Mindfulness: Linking Criteria, Components, and Outcomes The Connective Hook The Threefold Facets Chapter Summary and Mindful Guidelines Critical Thinking and Connective Application Questions 6. Cultural Value Dimensions and Intercultural Encounters Respectful Gestures and Value Probes: A Case Story Introduction The Cultural Value Variability Framework: Culture‐Level Systems Analysis Functions of Cultural and Personal Value Assumptions Individualism–Collectivism Value Spectrum: The Core Value Dimension The Power Distance Value Variability Dimension The Uncertainty Avoidance Value Variability Dimension The Masculinity–Femininity Value Variability Dimension Additional Cultural Value Variability Dimensions Self‐Conceptions, Personal Dispositions, and Situational Considerations Independent Self‐Construal versus Interdependent/Relational Self‐Construal Horizontal versus Vertical Personality Attributes Uncertainty‐Oriented versus Certainty‐Oriented Personality Type Androgynous Gender Identity versus Traditional Sex Role Identity Culture × Personality × Situational Condition Considerations Classical Value Orientations and Intercultural–Intergroup Encounters Classical Value Orientations and Basic Assumptions People–Nature Value Orientation Temporal Orientation Human Nature Orientation Activity Orientation Relational Orientation Chapter Summary and Mindful Guidelines Critical Thinking and Connective Application Questions 7. Mindful Intercultural Verbal Communication Intercultural Verbal Misunderstanding or Conflict Clash?: A Case Story Introduction Human Language: A Coherent System Arbitrariness Multilayered Rules Pragmatic Rules and Speech Community Languages across Cultures: Diverse Functions The Group Identity Function The Ethnolinguistic Vitality Function The Perceptual Filtering Function The Cognitive Reasoning Function The Relational Status and Intimacy Function The Social Evaluation Function The Creativity Function Cross‐Cultural Verbal Communication Styles Low‐Context and High‐Context Communication Direct and Indirect Verbal Interaction Styles Person‐Oriented and Status‐Oriented Verbal Styles Self‐Enhancement and Self‐Effacement Verbal Styles Beliefs Expressed in Talk and Silence Chapter Summary and Mindful Guidelines Critical Thinking and Connective Application Questions 8. Mindful Intercultural Nonverbal Communication Cultural Pride or Cultural Embarrassment?: A Case Story Introduction Multiple Perspectives on Nonverbal Communication The Bioevolutionary Perspective The Sociocultural Perspective The Neuroculture Theory Perspective Nonverbal Communication: Specific Functions and Patterns Reflection and Management of Identities Expression of Emotions and Attitudes Conversational Management Impression Formation and Attraction Space and Time Across Cultures Interpersonal Spatial Boundary Regulation Environmental Boundary Regulation Temporal Regulation Interpersonal Synchrony, Deception and Deviance, and Nonverbal Cautions Interpersonal Interactive Synchrony Deception and Deviance Nonverbal Cautions Chapter Summary and Mindful Guidelines Critical Thinking and Connective Application Questions Part III. Boundary Regulation and Intercultural–Intergroup Relationship Development Processes 9. Understanding Intergroup Perceptual Filters, Biases, and Communicative Distance A Simple Misunderstanding or Racism?: A Case Story Introduction Social Identity Theory and Its Associated Constructs: A Boundary‐Regulation Approach Intergroup Perception Social Identity Theory Social Categorization Social Comparison Ethnocentrism and Communication Stereotypes and Communication Intergroup Attribution: A Sense‐Making Process Attribution Theory Intergroup Attribution Theory Mind‐Sets and Communication: Affective and Cognitive Filters Perceived Intergroup Threat and Intergroup Biases Prejudice and Communication Power and Privilege: Discriminatory Practices and Microaggressions Reduction of Prejudice and Discrimination Chapter Summary and Mindful Guidelines Critical Thinking and Connective Application Questions 10. Attending to Intercultural and Intergroup Conflict Issues A Motivational or Demotivational Speech?: A Case Story Introduction Intercultural Conflict Competence: Criteria and Components Intercultural Conflict Competence: Criteria Intercultural Conflict Competence: Components A Culture‐Based Situational Conflict Model Cultural and Individual Socialization Value Patterns Situational Role and Relational Distance Parameters Identity‐Based Threats and Face‐Threatening Process Integrated Threat Theory Conflict Face Negotiation Theory: A Brief History Conflict Face Negotiation Theory: Core Assumptions, Key Conditions, and Research Findings Core Assumptions Key Conditions Essential Constructs and Related Research Findings Cultural and Individual Variability and Facework Strategies Conflict Face Negotiation Theory: Recent Research Trends Cross‐Cultural Face‐Sensitive Emotions Cross‐Cultural Conflict Forgiveness Intergenerational Face and the Dark Side of Face Researching Conflict Face Negotiation Theory: Future Directions Chapter Summary and Mindful Guidelines Critical Thinking and Connective Application Questions 11. Attuning to Intercultural–Intimate Relationship Development Processes Ken and Kim’s Marital Crisis: Arrival of the In-Laws Case Story Introduction Developing Intercultural–Intimate Relationships: Sociocultural Membership Identity Factors Cultural–Ethnic Membership Values Anxiety/Uncertainty Interaction Management Love Attitudes and Expectations Personal Commitment and Structural Commitment Attuning to Intercultural–Intimate Relationship Attraction: Interpersonal Facilitating Factors Perceived Physical Attractiveness Perceived Attitudinal Similarity Cross‐Cultural Self‐Disclosure Comparisons Online Disclosure of Affection Intercultural–Intimate Conflict: Stumbling Blocks Intercultural–Interracial Romantic Relationship Development Stages The Encounter: Prejudice and Racism Countering Racism and Prejudice: Coping Strategies Relational Transgressions and Cross‐Cultural Responses Raising Secure Bicultural Children Developing an Identity Plan and Relationship Satisfaction Chapter Summary and Mindful Guidelines Critical Thinking and Connective Application Questions 12. Becoming Ethical Intercultural Practitioners and Improving Communication Practices Michigan Doctors Charged: Religious Practice or Child Abuse? A Case Story Introduction Contemporary Issues Revolving Around Ethical Choice Making Global Standard Procedures and Local Justice Issues Corporate Responsibility and Local Customary Practice Cultural Value Clash and Communication Emphasis Understanding Existing Intercultural Ethical Positions The Ethical Absolutism Position versus the Ethical Relativism Position The Meta‐Ethics Contextualism Framework: Macro- and Micro‐Level Analysis The Meta‐Ethics Contextualism Direction: Procedures and Reflexive Questions Cultivating Ethical Intercultural Research and Training Practices Intercultural Communication Research: Specific Ethical Issues Intercultural Communication Training: Specific Ethical Issues Promoting Global Social Justice and Peace‐Building Processes: A Lifelong Journey Secular Ethics: Intergroup Social Justice and Global Peace Building Improving Ethical Transcultural Communication Practices Chapter Summary and Mindful Guidelines Critical Thinking and Connective Application Questions Appendix A. Researching Intercultural and Intergroup Communication: Three Paradigms and Conflict Studies Examples Appendix B. “Be Surprised and Also Holding On!”: Honors Convocation Keynote Speech, May 22, 2009 Appendix C. “Never Give Up!”: Commencement Speech, May 21, 2017 References Author Index Subject Index About the Authors "Description: This highly regarded text--now revised and expanded with 50% new material--helps students and professionals mindfully build their knowledge and competencies for effective intercultural communication on any setting. The authors' comprehensive, updated theoretical framework (integrative identity negotiation theory) reveals how both verbal and nonverbal communication are affected by multilayered facets of identity. Written in a candid, conversational style, the book is rich with engaging examples illustrating cultural conflicts and misunderstandings that arise in workplace, educational, interpersonal, and community contexts. Readers learn how to transform polarized conversations into successful intercultural engagements by combining culture-specific knowledge with mindful listening and communication skills. Key Words: intercultural communication, cross-cultural communication, human communication, communication skills, cultural competence, ethnic relations, ethnic studies, multicultural counseling, international business relations, cultural diversity, cross-cultural psychology, ethnography, mindful communication, mindfulness, intergroup communication, integrative identity negotiation theory, acculturation, adjustment, immigration, immigrants, listening skills, textbooks, texts, college classes, college courses, college students, undergraduates, graduates, foreign students, refugees, social psychology, sociolingustics, international competence"-- Provided by publisher "Description: This highly regarded text ... now revised and expanded with 50% new material ... helps students and professionals mindfully build their knowledge and competencies for effective intercultural communication on any setting. The authors' comprehensive, updated theoretical framework (integrative identity negotiation theory) reveals how both verbal and nonverbal communication are affected by multilayered facets of identity. Written in a candid, conversational style, the book is rich with engaging examples illustrating cultural conflicts and misunderstandings that arise in workplace, educational, interpersonal, and community contexts. Readers learn how to transform polarized conversations into successful intercultural engagements by combining culture-specific knowledge with mindful listening and communication skills. Key Words: intercultural communication, cross-cultural communication, human communication, communication skills, cultural competence, ethnic relations, ethnic studies, multicultural counseling, international business relations, cultural diversity, cross-cultural psychology, ethnography, mindful communication, mindfulness, intergroup communication, integrative identity negotiation theory, acculturation, adjustment, immigration, immigrants, listening skills, textbooks, texts, college classes, college courses, college students, undergraduates, graduates, foreign students, refugees, social psychology, sociolingustics, international competence" ..