Computer Security : Art and Science, Second Edition

For courses in Research Writing. Celebrating 50 years of delivering current, detailed guidance on academic research and writing The definitive research paper guide, Writing Research Papers: A Complete Guide combines a traditional but practical approach to the research process with the latest information on electronic research and presentation. Written by the original author’s son, this text remains the foremost handbook for current, detailed guidance about academic research, writing, and documentation. Over the last two decades, the world of academic research has changed dramatically. Most research is now done online, which has not only put an almost unimaginable wealth of new sources at our fingertips, but has also brought challenges in evaluating source credibility and usefulness. Marking the 50th anniversary of Writing Research Papers: A Complete Guide , the 16th Edition confronts these new challenges and offers clear, detailed guidance to assist researchers as they struggle to keep pace with online research, electronic publishing, and new documentation formats. Cover ......Page 1 Contents......Page 4 Preface to the Instructor......Page 10 1 Writing from Research......Page 14 1a Why Do Research?......Page 16 1b Learning the Conventions of Academic Writing......Page 17 1c Understanding and Avoiding Plagiarism......Page 18 Understanding the Terminology......Page 19 Comparison, Including Analogy......Page 22 1e Establishing a Research Schedule......Page 23 2 Finding a Topic......Page 25 2a Relating Your Personal Ideas to a Scholarly Problem......Page 27 Connecting Personal Experience to Scholarly Topics......Page 28 Speculating about Your Subject to Discover Ideas and to Focus on the Issues......Page 29 Online Discussion Groups......Page 33 Using an Online Subject Directory......Page 34 Using an Internet Keyword Search......Page 35 2e Using the Library’s Electronic Book Catalog to Find a Topic......Page 36 Thesis......Page 38 Hypothesis......Page 40 The Short Proposal......Page 41 The Long Proposal......Page 42 Charting Your Research Project......Page 46 3 Organizing Ideas and Setting Goals......Page 47 3b Using Your Research Proposal to Direct Your Notetaking......Page 48 3c Listing Key Terms and Phrases to Set Directions for Notetaking......Page 49 3d Writing a Rough Outline......Page 50 3f Setting Goals by Using Organizational Patterns......Page 51 3g Using Approaches across the Curriculum to Chart Your Ideas......Page 52 Arrangement by Cause/Effect......Page 53 Arrangement by Comparison......Page 54 Charting Your Research Project......Page 55 4 Gathering Sources Online......Page 56 4a Beginning an Online Search......Page 58 4b Reading an Online Address......Page 61 4c Using Keyword and Boolean Expressions......Page 62 Educational Search Engines......Page 65 Educational Search Engines Maintained by Libraries......Page 67 Web 2.0 and Social Bookmarking......Page 68 Online Journals......Page 70 4f Searching for Articles in Newspapers and Media Sources......Page 71 4h Accessing E-books......Page 73 4j Examining Library Holdings via Online Access......Page 74 Search Engine......Page 75 Go to a Metasearch Engine......Page 76 Go to a LISTSERV or Usenet Group......Page 77 Charting Your Research Project......Page 78 5 Gathering Sources in the Library......Page 79 5a Launching the Search......Page 80 5b Developing a Working Bibliography......Page 81 Using Your Library’s Electronic Book Catalog......Page 82 Using the Library’s Bibliographies......Page 83 Searching the General Indexes to Periodicals......Page 85 Readers’ Guide to Periodical Literature......Page 89 Searching for an Index to Abstracts......Page 90 5e Searching for a Biography......Page 92 5f Searching for Articles in Newspaper Indexes......Page 93 5g Searching Special Subject Directories......Page 94 5h Searching for Government Documents......Page 95 Charting Your Research Project......Page 96 6 Conducting Field Research......Page 98 Interviewing Knowledgeable People......Page 99 Writing Letters and Corresponding by E-mail......Page 100 Reading Personal Papers......Page 101 Federal Government......Page 102 6c Examining Audiovisual Materials, Television, and Radio......Page 103 6d Conducting a Survey with a Questionnaire......Page 104 6e Conducting Experiments, Tests, and Observation......Page 107 Charting Your Research Project......Page 108 7 Understanding and Avoiding Plagiarism......Page 110 7a Using Sources to Enhance Your Credibility......Page 111 7b Placing Your Work in Its Proper Context......Page 112 7c Understanding Copyright......Page 113 7d Avoiding Plagiarism......Page 114 Common Knowledge......Page 115 Correctly Borrowing from a Source......Page 117 7e Sharing Credit in Collaborative Projects......Page 120 7f Honoring and Crediting Sources in Online Classrooms......Page 121 7g Seeking Permission to Publish Material on Your Website......Page 122 Charting Your Research Project......Page 123 8a Finding Reliable Sources......Page 124 8b Selecting a Mix of Primary and Secondary Sources......Page 130 Evaluating the Key Parts of an Article......Page 131 Evaluating the Key Parts of a Book......Page 133 8d Outlining a Source......Page 136 8e Summarizing a Source......Page 138 8f Preparing an Annotated Bibliography......Page 139 8g Preparing a Review of the Literature on a Topic......Page 142 Charting Your Research Project......Page 149 9 Writing Effective Notes and Creating Outlines......Page 150 Honoring the Conventions of Research Style......Page 151 9b Writing Personal Notes......Page 152 9c Writing Direct Quotation Notes......Page 154 Quoting Secondary Sources......Page 155 9d Writing Paraphrased Notes......Page 156 9e Writing Summary Notes......Page 159 Use the Précis to Review Briefly an Online Article......Page 161 Use the Précis as the Form for an Abstract......Page 162 9g Writing Notes from Field Research......Page 163 Model for Advancing Your Ideas and Theories......Page 164 Model for Argument and Persuasion Papers......Page 165 Model for a Comparative Study......Page 166 9i Writing a Formal Outline......Page 167 Writing a Formal Topic Outline......Page 168 Writing a Formal Sentence Outline......Page 169 Charting Your Research Project......Page 170 10 Drafting the Paper in an Academic Style......Page 171 10a Focusing Your Argument......Page 172 10b Refining the Thesis Statement......Page 173 Using Questions to Focus the Thesis......Page 175 Adjust or Change Your Thesis During Research if Necessary......Page 176 10c Writing an Academic Title......Page 177 Writing from Your Notes......Page 178 Writing in the Proper Tense......Page 179 Using the Language of the Discipline......Page 180 Writing in the Third Person......Page 181 10e Using Visuals Effectively in a Research Essay......Page 182 File Formats......Page 185 10f Avoiding Sexist and Biased Language......Page 186 Charting Your Research Project......Page 187 11 Blending Reference Material into Your Writing......Page 188 Beginning with the Author and Ending with a Page Number......Page 189 Putting the Name and Page Number at the End of Borrowed Material......Page 190 Citing the Title of a Magazine Article......Page 191 Identify the Source with Name or Title......Page 192 Identify the Nature of the Information and Its Credibility......Page 193 Omitting Page and Paragraph Numbers to Internet Citations......Page 194 11e Citing Indirect Sources......Page 195 11f Citing Frequent Page References to the Same Work......Page 196 11g Citing Material from Textbooks and Large Anthologies......Page 197 11h Adding Extra Information to In-Text Citations......Page 198 Two or More Works by the Same Writer......Page 199 11i Punctuating Citations Properly and Consistently......Page 200 Commas and Periods......Page 201 Question Marks and Exclamation Marks......Page 202 Single Quotation Marks......Page 203 11j Indenting Long Quotations......Page 204 Quoting Three Lines of Poetry or Less......Page 205 Retaining Internal Quotations within a Block......Page 206 11l Handling Quotations from a Play......Page 207 11n Omitting Quoted Matter with Ellipsis Points......Page 208 Parentheses......Page 211 Brackets......Page 212 Charting Your Research Project......Page 213 12a Writing the Introduction of the Research Paper......Page 214 Provide the Enthymeme......Page 215 Relate to the Well Known......Page 216 Review the Literature......Page 217 Take Exception to Critical Views......Page 218 Provide a Brief Summary......Page 219 Supply Data, Statistics, and Special Evidence......Page 220 Organize by Chronology......Page 221 Compare or Contrast Issues, Critical Views, and Literary Characters......Page 222 Define Your Key Terminology......Page 223 Ask Questions and Provide Answers......Page 224 Use a Variety of Other Methods......Page 225 12c Writing the Conclusion of the Research Paper......Page 226 Close with an Effective Quotation......Page 227 Compare the Past to the Present......Page 228 Discuss Test Results and Limitations......Page 229 Charting Your Research Project......Page 230 13 Revising, Proofreading, and Formatting the Rough Draft......Page 231 Revising the Conclusion......Page 232 Participating in Peer Review......Page 233 Title Page or Opening Page......Page 234 Abstract......Page 235 Content Endnotes Page......Page 236 Using the Computer to Edit Your Text......Page 237 13d Proofreading on the Screen and on the Printed Manuscript......Page 238 Charting Your Research Project......Page 239 Short Literary Research Paper......Page 240 Sample Research Paper......Page 247 14 Works Cited: MLA Style......Page 259 14a Formatting the Works Cited Page......Page 260 14b Key Elements of the Works Cited List......Page 264 15a Writing Theory, Reporting Test Results, or Reviewing Literature......Page 284 Review Article......Page 285 15c Using In-Text Citations in APA Style......Page 286 15d Preparing the List of References......Page 292 Book......Page 294 Periodical......Page 295 Report......Page 296 Sources Accessed Online......Page 297 Encyclopedia Article......Page 301 Report of Empirical Research......Page 302 15f Writing the Abstract......Page 303 15g Sample Paper in APA Style......Page 304 16 The Footnote System: CMS Style......Page 312 16a Inserting a Superscript Numeral in Your Text......Page 313 Writing Full or Abbreviated Notes......Page 314 16b Formatting and Writing the Footnotes......Page 315 16c Writing Footnotes for Electronic Sources......Page 318 16d Writing Subsequent Footnote References......Page 319 16e Writing Endnotes Rather Than Footnotes......Page 320 16f Writing Content Footnotes or Content Endnotes......Page 321 16g Using the Footnote System for Papers in the Humanities......Page 323 16h Writing a Bibliography Page for a Paper That Uses Footnotes......Page 324 16i Sample Research Paper in the CMS Style......Page 325 17 CSE Style for the Natural and Applied Sciences......Page 331 Guide by Discipline......Page 332 17a Writing In-Text Citations Using the CSE Citation-Sequence System......Page 333 17b Writing a References Page......Page 334 17c Writing In-Text Citations with Name and Year......Page 335 17d Using Name-Year with Bibliography Entries......Page 337 Arranging the References List......Page 339 17e Sample Paper Using the CSE Citation-Sequence System......Page 340 18 Creating Electronic and Multimedia Research Projects......Page 347 18b Building Digital Presentations......Page 348 Creating a Single Web Page......Page 349 18d Using Graphics in Your Electronic Research Paper......Page 350 18e Using Sound and Video in Your Electronic Research Paper......Page 351 18f Preparing a Writing Portfolio......Page 352 18g Presenting Research in Alternative Formats......Page 354 Charting Your Research Project......Page 355 Glossary......Page 356 Appendix......Page 366 B ......Page 377 D ......Page 378 F ......Page 379 I ......Page 380 M ......Page 381 P ......Page 382 R ......Page 383 T ......Page 384 Z ......Page 385 This is the eBook of the printed book and may not include any media, website access codes, or print supplements that may come packaged with the bound book. The definitive research paper guide, Writing Research Papers combines a traditional and practical approach to the research process with the latest information on electronic research and presentation. This market-leading text provides students with step-by-step guidance through the research writing process, from selecting and narrowing a topic to formatting the finished document. Writing Research Papers backs up its instruction with the most complete array of samples of any writing guide of this nature. The text continues its extremely thorough and accurate coverage of citation styles for a wide variety of disciplines. The fifteenth edition maintains Lester's successful approach while bringing new writing and documentation updates to assist the student researcher in keeping pace with electronic sources.