Critical Care Nephrology [Volume 2

Internists, surgeons, critical care physicians and nephrologists all treat critically ill patients with renal failure and the multiple system organ dysfunction syndrome. A comprehensive review of the state of the art of this topic is definitely needed both in academic and clinical medicine, and __Critical Care Nephrology__ fulfils this need. It is a useful reference tool for both nephrologists and intensive care specialists and it is therefore no coincidence that the editors of the book are themselves specialists in these particular fields. The book addresses the following: definitions of critical illness, epidemiology, monitoring and diagnostic procedures, pathophysiology of organ systems in relation to kidney function, concepts of renal physiologic and pathologic responses to various derangements, oxygen transport and cardiovascular adaptations, hemodynamic parameters, respiratory parameters, mechanical ventilation and cardiac support, and severity score parameters. The book is also devoted to all forms of acute renal failure with specific reference to intensive care patients. The nature of the multiple organ dysfunction syndrome is discussed with special emphasis on the impact of different organs dysfunction and kidney failure. Kidney function and acute renal failure in patients with kidney, liver and heart transplants is also considered, as well as acute illness occurring in chronic hemodialysis patients. Special emphasis is placed on therapeutic interventions and treatment procedures. Different forms of organ support are discussed including liver, lung and cardiac therapy. Front Matter....Pages i-xxxv Applied cardiovascular physiology....Pages 1-8 Fundamentals of resuscitation....Pages 9-17 Prediction of outcome in critically ill patients....Pages 19-32 Rationale and application of physiologic monitoring....Pages 33-42 Pharmacologic support of the hemodynamically unstable patient....Pages 43-50 Fundamentals of applied probability and basic statistics....Pages 51-61 Applied physics of compressible and incompressible fluids....Pages 63-84 Elements of applied immunology for the intensive care unit and chronic uremia-related disorders....Pages 85-101 Basic elements of applied microbiology in the intensive care unit....Pages 103-110 Basic elements of applied pharmacology in the intensive care unit....Pages 111-123 Fundamentals of biochemistry and energy metabolism in the normal subject and in the critically ill patient....Pages 125-131 Epidemiology of acute renal failure in the intensive care unit....Pages 133-141 Risk factors for acute renal failure in critically ill patients....Pages 143-151 Assessment of outcome from acute renal failure....Pages 153-161 Regulatory mechanisms of fluid and electrolyte turnover....Pages 163-173 Edematous states in the intensive care unit....Pages 175-182 Hypernatremia and hyponatremia....Pages 183-195 Hyper- and hypokalemia in critical patients....Pages 197-209 Calcium phosphate and magnesium balance in patients with acute illness....Pages 211-223 Trace metals in patients with acute renal failure....Pages 225-230 Fluid and electrolyte balance during peritoneal dialysis....Pages 231-248 Fluid and electrolyte balance during extracorporeal therapies....Pages 249-259 Biochemical and biophysical principles of hydrogen ion regulation....Pages 261-277 Pathophysiology of metabolic acid-base disturbances in patients with critical illness....Pages 279-296 Pathophysiology and diagnosis of respiratory acid-base disturbances in patients with critical illness....Pages 297-311 Impact of acid-base disorders on individual organ systems....Pages 313-326 Correction of acid-base derangements....Pages 327-344 Acid-base balance during renal replacement therapies....Pages 345-354 Carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism in the critically ill patient....Pages 355-373 Nutritional management of the critically ill patient with and without renal failure....Pages 375-389 Hormonal status in critically ill patients with or without acute renal failure....Pages 391-403 Enteral and parenteral nutrition in patients undergoing continuous renal replacement therapies....Pages 405-411 Microbiological considerations in intensive care....Pages 413-420 Upper and lower respiratory tract infection....Pages 421-439 Urinary tract infections....Pages 441-454 Intestinal and peritoneal infections....Pages 455-460 Skin and soft tissue infections....Pages 461-467 Intravascular catheter infections in the intensive care unit....Pages 469-477 Antibiotics in intensive care unit patients....Pages 479-494 Pathophysiology of the sepsis syndrome....Pages 495-502 Influence of cytokines on the renal circulation and nephron function....Pages 503-515 Renal alterations in the septic patient....Pages 517-526 Endothelial dysfunction in acute renal failure....Pages 527-550 Role of eicosanoids in sepsis-induced acute renal failure....Pages 551-556 The role of oxygen free radicals in acute renal failure....Pages 557-573 Nitric oxide as a mediator of hemodynamic disturbances in acute renal failure associated with sepsis....Pages 575-589 Acute renal failure — definitions and diagnosis....Pages 591-598 Hemodynamic factors influencing renal blood flow....Pages 599-611 Tubuloglomerular feedback and its role in acute renal failure....Pages 613-622 The histopathology of acute renal failure....Pages 623-630 The immune system and the kidney....Pages 631-649 Vasculitis, glomerulonephritis and acute renal failure....Pages 651-667 Drug-induced acute renal failure....Pages 669-681 Post-surgery/Polytrauma and acute renal failure....Pages 683-692 Fluid and electrolyte disorders and renal function impairment after burns....Pages 693-703 Acute obstructive nephropathy....Pages 705-712 Acute renal failure in pregnancy and postpartum....Pages 713-728 Hantavirus-induced acute renal failure....Pages 729-737 Rhabdomyolysis....Pages 739-748 Acute renal dysfunction after renal transplantation....Pages 749-760 Acute renal failure in human immunodeficiency virus disease....Pages 761-771 Clinical features of acute renal failure syndrome....Pages 773-782 Bleeding and hemostatic defects in uremia....Pages 783-792 Gastrointestinal problems in acute renal failure....Pages 793-802 Cardiovascular problems in acute renal failure....Pages 803-806 Acute renal failure as part of the multiple organ failure syndrome (MOF)....Pages 807-820 Acute renal failure in children and newborns: pathophysiology, clinical patterns and therapeutic approach....Pages 821-829 Metabolic perturbations in patients with acute renal failure....Pages 831-838 Neurological problems in acute renal failure....Pages 839-844 Pathogenesis of uremic toxicity....Pages 845-853 Low molecular weight uremic toxins....Pages 855-868 High molecular weight uremic toxins....Pages 869-875 AGE-modified proteins in renal failure....Pages 877-883 Principles of management of the poisoned patient....Pages 885-895 Antidotes for acute poisoning and intoxication....Pages 897-905 Drug intoxication: manifestations and treatment....Pages 907-918 Liver-kidney interaction....Pages 919-925 The kidney in liver disease....Pages 927-940 The liver in kidney disease....Pages 941-947 The kidney in liver transplantation....Pages 949-958 Extracorporeal liver support and the kidney....Pages 959-967 Cardiovascular system in renal failure: cardiac complications in renal failure....Pages 969-974 Arterial function in renal failure....Pages 975-981 The kidney in cardiac failure: today’s perspective....Pages 983-1002 Hypertensive emergencies....Pages 1003-1020 Prophylaxis of acute renal failure before and during open heart surgery....Pages 1021-1035 Pulmonary edema and other disorders in acute renal failure....Pages 1037-1046 Acute renal failure in acute respiratory distress syndrome....Pages 1047-1053 Effects of mechanical ventilation on kidney function....Pages 1055-1065 The kidney: a target organ during mechanical ventilation....Pages 1067-1072 Kidney function during extracorporeal lung assist techniques (ECMO/ECCO2R)....Pages 1073-1079 Neurological disorders in patients with acute renal failure....Pages 1081-1104 Brain death and organ donation....Pages 1105-1124 Supportive management strategies in chronic or end stage renal failure patients with critical illness....Pages 1125-1132 The use of inotropic and vasopressor agents in patients at risk of renal dysfunction....Pages 1133-1137 Renal replacement therapy in patients with chronic (end stage) renal failure and acute illness....Pages 1139-1153 Pharmacologic therapy in acute renal failure: the role of diuretics....Pages 1155-1159 Nomenclature for continuous renal replacement therapies....Pages 1161-1167 Vascular access for continuous renal replacement therapy....Pages 1169-1176 The extra-corporeal circuit: physical principles and monitoring....Pages 1177-1188 Anticoagulation for continuous renal replacement therapies....Pages 1189-1197 Principles of solute clearance during continuous renal replacement therapy....Pages 1199-1211 Continuous versus intermittent renal replacement theory in the critically ill....Pages 1213-1223 Removal and generation of inflammatory mediators during continuous renal replacement therapies....Pages 1225-1237 Removal of drugs, toxins and poisons by continuous hemofiltration....Pages 1239-1248 Non-renal indication of continuous renal replacement therapies....Pages 1249-1258 Current technology for continuous renal replacement therapies....Pages 1259-1267 Nursing issues, practices, and perspectives for the management of continuous renal replacement therapy in the intensive care unit....Pages 1269-1308 Guidelines for drug dosing during continuous renal replacement therapy....Pages 1309-1325 Acute renal failure in infancy: treatment by continuous renal replacement therapy....Pages 1327-1333 Complications of continuous renal replacement therapies....Pages 1335-1349 Principles of peritoneal dialysis and its application in acute renal failure....Pages 1351-1355 Indications, contraindications and complications of peritoneal dialysis in the critically ill....Pages 1357-1371 Rationale for intermittent renal replacement therapy (IRRT) in acute renal failure (ARF)....Pages 1373-1381 Biophysics of intermittent renal replacement therapy....Pages 1383-1389 Intermittent renal replacement modalities and indications....Pages 1391-1409 Vascular access for intermittent renal replacement therapy....Pages 1411-1419 Antithrombotic managemement of the blood circuit in intermittent renal replacement therapy....Pages 1421-1426 Risks and hazards of intermittent renal replacement therapy....Pages 1427-1439 Drug administration in intermittent renal replacement therapy....Pages 1441-1456 Nutritional requirements in critically ill patients treated with intermittent renal replacement therapy....Pages 1457-1472 Imaging of the kidney in the critically ill....Pages 1473-1489 Radionuclide scanning in critical care nephrology....Pages 1491-1501 Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy in critical care nephrology....Pages 1503-1515 Acute renal failure scoring....Pages 1517-1533 Acute illness superimposed on chronic renal failure....Pages 1535-1545 The diabetic with acute renal failure in the intensive care unit....Pages 1547-1558 Prevention, amelioration and conservative therapy of acute renal failure in the elderly....Pages 1559-1564 Back Matter....Pages 1565-1576 ....Pages 1577-1590