Critical thinking : a user's manual

CRITICAL THINKING: A USER'S MANUAL offers an innovative skill-based approach to critical thinking that provides step-by-step tools for examining arguments. Students build a complete skill set by recognizing, analyzing, diagramming, and evaluating arguments; later chapters encourage application of the basic skills to categorical, truth-functional, analogical, generalization, and causal arguments as well as fallacies. The exercises throughout the text engage readers in active learning, integrate writing as part of the critical thinking process, and emphasize skill transference. A special feature, called Your Turn! encourages students to not just skim through the book's explanations, but stop, think, and apply what they are learning. Cover Page -1 Steps for Critical Thinking 1 Half-Title Page 2 Title Page 3 Frontmatter -1 Copyright Page 4 Brief Contents 5 Preface 10 Step-by-Step Approach 10 “Your Turn!” 11 Stylized Examples 11 Abundant, Integrated Exercises 11 “Putting It All Together” 12 Flexibility 12 Argument Construction 12 Supplements 12 Acknowledgments 13 Special Thanks 14 Contents 6 Chapter 1: Getting Started 16 Using Critical Thinking in the Classroom 18 Using Critical Thinking in the Workplace 21 Using Critical Thinking in the Marketplace 23 Living an Examined Life 25 Developing Critical Thinking Skills 26 Chapter 2: Recognizing Arguments 27 Identifying Claims 28 Counting Claims 30 Distinguishing Arguments from Explanations 35 Distinguishing Arguments from Other Non-Arguments 39 Putting It All Together: Recognizing Arguments 41 Chapter Review Questions 44 Chapter 3: Analyzing Arguments 45 Analyzing Arguments with Inference Indicators 46 Analyzing Arguments without Inference Indicators 49 Analyzing Arguments with Extra Claims 52 Analyzing Arguments with Unstated Conclusions 54 Analyzing Arguments with Implied Claims 56 Analyzing Multiple Arguments 59 Putting It All Together: Writing a Basic Analysis 64 Chapter Review Questions 71 Chapter 4: Diagramming Arguments 72 Diagramming Arguments 72 Utilizing Inference Indicators 79 Diagramming Arguments with Unstated Conclusions 82 Diagramming Arguments with Implied Claims 84 Diagramming Multiple Arguments 86 Checking Your Work 88 Diagramming Extended Arguments 92 Putting it All Together: A Basic Analysis with Argument Diagram 101 Chapter Review Questions 105 Chapter 5: Detecting Fallacies 106 Begging the Question 106 Appeal to Ignorance 109 Appeal to Illegitimate Authority 112 Ad Hominem 116 Strawman 121 Red Herring 124 Putting It All Together: A Basic Analysis Plus Fallacy Identification 129 Chapter Review Questions 132 Chapter 6: Preparing to Evaluate Arguments 133 Distinguishing Two Styles of Reasoning 134 Distinguishing Two Kinds of Deductive Arguments 137 Distinguishing Three Kinds of Inductive Arguments 142 Choosing Proper Evaluative Terms 146 Putting It All Together: Writing a Complete Analysis 151 Chapter Review Questions 155 Chapter 7: Evaluating Categorical Arguments 156 Recognizing Categorical Claims 156 Translating Categorical Claims 159 Recognizing Categorical Arguments 165 Analyzing Categorical Arguments 166 Evaluating Categorical Syllogisms 169 Using Venn Diagrams to Determine Validity 169 Using Rules to Determine Validity 183 Using Rules to Complete Categorical Arguments 191 Putting It All Together: A Complete Analysis Plus Evaluation 193 Chapter Review Questions 197 Chapter 8: Evaluating Truth-Functional Arguments 199 Recognizing Truth-Functional Claims 199 Translating Truth-Functional Claims 201 Using Proper Punctuation 206 Analyzing Truth-Functional Arguments 209 Identifying Argument Forms to Determine Validity 212 Applying Truth-Functional Definitions 216 Using the Truth Table Method to Determine Validity 220 Using the Shortcut Method to Determine Validity 224 Putting It All Together: A Complete Analysis Plus Evaluation 230 Chapter Review Questions 233 Chapter 9: Evaluating Analogical Arguments 235 Recognizing Analogical Arguments 235 Analyzing Analogical Arguments 238 Evaluating the Evidence for the Analogy 244 Evaluating the Relevance of the Analogy 248 Putting It All Together: A Complete Analysis Plus Evaluation 251 Chapter Review Questions 255 Chapter 10: Evaluating Inductive Generalizations 256 Recognizing Inductive Generalizations 257 Analyzing Inductive Generalizations 259 Evaluating the Randomness of the Sample 263 Evaluating Sample Size 267 Putting It All Together: A Complete Analysis Plus Evaluation 272 Chapter Review Questions 276 Chapter 11: Evaluating Causal Arguments 277 Recognizing Causal Arguments 278 Analyzing Causal Arguments 281 Evaluating Causal Arguments 288 Putting It All Together: A Complete Analysis Plus Evaluation 293 Chapter Review Questions 298 Chapter 12: Constructing Arguments 299 Formulating Your Argument 300 Introducing Your Argument 302 Supporting Your Conclusion 304 Considering Objections 307 Summarizing Your Argument 309 Citing Your Sources 310 Chapter Review Questions 312 Glossary 314 A 314 B 314 C 314 D 315 E 315 F 315 G 315 H 316 I 316 L 316 M 316 N 316 O 316 P 316 Q 317 R 317 S 317 T 317 U 317 V 317 Answers to Selected Exercises 318 Chapter 1 318 EXERCISE 1.5 318 EXERCISE 1.8 318 EXERCISE 1.9 318 EXERCISE 1.11 318 Chapter 2 318 EXERCISE 2.3 318 EXERCISE 2.9 318 EXERCISE 2.1 1 318 EXERCISE 2.1 4 318 Chapter 3 319 EXERCISE 3.6 319 EXERCISE 3.8 319 EXERCISE 3.10 319 EXERCISE 3.12 319 EXERCISE 3.15 320 EXERCISE 3.16 320 EXERCISE 3.22 320 EXERCISE 3.23 321 Chapter 4 321 EXERCISE 4.10 321 EXERCISE 4.11 322 EXERCISE 4.15 322 EXERCISE 4.18 323 EXERCISE 4.19 323 EXERCISE 4.31 324 EXERCISE 4.32 325 EXERCISE 4.33 326 Chapter 5 326 EXERCISE 5.2 326 EXERCISE 5.5 327 EXERCISE 5.6 327 EXERCISE 5.9 327 EXERCISE 5.12 328 EXERCISE 5.13 328 EXERCISE 5.15 328 EXERCISE 5.17 329 EXERCISE 5.18 329 EXERCISE 5.19 329 Chapter 6 330 EXERCISE 6.4 330 EXERCISE 6.8 331 EXERCISE 6.9 331 EXERCISE 6.13 331 EXERCISE 6.14 331 Chapter 7 332 EXERCISE 7.2 332 EXERCISE 7.5 332 EXERCISE 7.7 332 EXERCISE 7.8 332 EXERCISE 7.10 332 EXERCISE 7.12 333 EXERCISE 7.16 333 EXERCISE 7.17 333 EXERCISE 7.20 333 EXERCISE 7.21 334 EXERCISE 7.24 334 EXERCISE 7.25 334 EXERCISE 7.26 335 EXERCISE 7.27 335 EXERCISE 7.31 336 EXERCISE 7.32 336 Chapter 8 337 EXERCISE 8.9 337 EXERCISE 8.12 338 EXERCISE 8.13 338 EXERCISE 8.15 338 EXERCISE 8.16 338 EXERCISE 8.17 338 EXERCISE 8.21 339 EXERCISE 8.23 339 EXERCISE 8.24 340 EXERCISE 8.27 340 EXERCISE 8.28 340 EXERCISE 8.30 341 Chapter 9 342 EXERCISE 9.3 342 EXERCISE 9.7 342 EXERCISE 9.9 344 EXERCISE 9.10 344 EXERCISE 9.11 344 EXERCISE 9.12 344 Chapter 10 345 EXERCISE 10.3 345 EXERCISE 10.7 345 EXERCISE 10.9 346 EXERCISE 10.11 346 EXERCISE 10.12 346 EXERCISE 10.13 346 Chapter 11 347 EXERCISE 11.2 347 EXERCISE 11.4 348 EXERCISE 11.9 348 EXERCISE 11.10 349 EXERCISE 11.11 349 EXERCISE 11.12 349 Chapter 12 350 EXERCISE 12.3 350 Index 352 A 352 B 353 C 353 D 355 E 355 F 356 G 356 H 356 I 357 L 357 M 357 N 357 O 358 P 358 Q 358 R 358 S 358 T 359 U 359 V 359 W 359 Offers a skill-based approach to critical thinking that provides step-by-step tools for examining arguments. This title helps students build a skill set by recognizing, analyzing, diagramming, and evaluating arguments; later chapters encourage application of the basic skills to categorical, truth-functional, analogical, and generalization.