Data Structure and Algorithm

With a new chapter on the literature review, this accessible step-by-step guide to using the five major approaches to research design is now in a thoroughly revised second edition.The prior edition's user-friendly features are augmented by a new companion website with worksheets keyed to each chapter. For each approach, the text presents a template for a research proposal and explains how to conceptualize and fill in every section. Interdisciplinary research examples draw on current events and social justice issues. Unique coverage includes hot topics--replication studies, data sharing, and preregistration; tailoring proposals to different audiences; and more. Terminology commonly used in each approach is identified and key moments of ethical decision making are flagged. The book includes a general introduction to social research, an in-depth discussion of ethics, and a chapter on how to begin a research study. New to This Edition *New or expanded discussions of theory and literature in quantitative research, replication studies, preregistration of research, the critical paradigm in qualitative research, mixed methods research, approaching different kinds of organizations in community-based participatory research, and more. *Chapter on the literature review, including the ethics of citational practices. *Companion website with worksheets to aid in learning and practicing each chapter's key concepts. *Updated examples, references, and recommended readings throughout. Pedagogical Features *Multiple "Review Stops" in each chapter--quick quizzes with answer keys. *End-of-chapter writing exercises, research activities, and suggested resources. *Bolded key terms and an end-of-book glossary. *Boxed tips from experts in the respective approaches. *Pointers to downloadable worksheets throughout the chapters. *Author-created PowerPoints and chapter tests with answer keys available to instructors using the book in a course. Cover 1 Half Title Page 4 Also from Patricia Leavy 5 Title Page 6 Copyright 7 Dedication 8 Preface 10 Acknowledgments 16 Contents 18 Part I. The Nuts and Bolts of Research Design 24 1. Introduction to Social Research 26 Different Ways of Knowing 26 Purposes of Social Research 28 Review Stop 1 31 The Five Approaches to Research 31 Review Stop 2 33 The Elements of Research 34 Philosophical Elements: What Do We Believe? 34 Praxis: What Do We Do? 37 Review Stop 3 40 Putting It All Together 40 Quantitative 42 Qualitative 42 Mixed Methods Research 42 Arts-Based Research 43 Community-Based Participatory Research 43 Conclusion 44 Review Stop Answer Key 44 Further Engagement 45 Resources 45 2. Ethics in Social Research 47 Values System 49 Historical Abuses 49 The Social Justice Movements 51 Review Stop 1 54 Ethical Praxis 55 Research Design/Setup 55 Review Stop 2 61 Data Collection/Generation/Content Creation 62 Review Stop 3 66 Representation and Dissemination 66 Reflexivity 71 Power 72 Voice 73 Putting Reflexivity into Practice across the Five Approaches 73 Review Stop 4 74 Conclusion 75 Checklist of Ethical Considerations 75 Review Stop Answer Key 76 Further Engagement 77 Resources 77 3. The Literature Review 79 Selecting a Topic 79 Review Stop 1 81 Literature Reviews 81 Beyond a Gap: Why We Conduct Literature Reviews 82 Finding Literature 84 The Ethics of Citation 86 Review Stop 2 89 Compiling the Literature Review 89 Review Stop 3 94 Conclusion 94 Review Stop Answer Key 95 Further Engagement 95 Resources 96 4. Getting Started Designing a Project 97 Research Purpose Statements, Hypotheses, and Research Questions 97 Research Purpose Statements 97 Measurement and Variables 102 Review Stop 1 104 Hypotheses 104 Research Questions 106 Putting It All Together 108 Review Stop 2 110 Sampling 111 Probability Sampling 113 Purposeful Sampling 115 Review Stop 3 116 Conclusion 116 Review Stop Answer Key 117 Further Engagement 118 Resources 118 Part II. Five Approaches to Research Design 120 5. Quantitative Research Design 122 Structure of a Research Proposal 122 Basic Introductory Information 123 Title 123 Abstract 123 Keywords 124 The Topic 124 The Topic under Investigation 124 Significance, Value, or Worth 126 Ethics in Practice 127 Theoretical Perspective 127 Research Purpose Statement 128 Research Questions or Hypotheses 128 Literature Review 128 Review Stop 1 129 The Research Plan 129 Design and Methods of Data Collection 129 Review Stop 2 131 Ethics in Practice 135 Review Stop 3 136 Ethics in Practice 144 Review Stop 4 144 Population, Sampling, and Subjects 145 Ethics in Practice 147 Data Analysis and Assessment 147 Review Stop 5 148 Interpretation and Representation 152 Pilot Tests (If Applicable) 153 Ethics Statement 153 Review Stop 6 153 References 153 Appendices 154 Conclusion 154 Review Stop Answer Key 156 Further Engagement 158 Resources 158 6. Qualitative Research Design 160 Structure of a Research Proposal 160 Basic Introductory Information 162 Title 162 Abstract 162 Keywords 162 The Topic 163 The Topic under Investigation 163 Significance, Value, or Worth 163 Ethics in Practice 163 Literature Review 164 Research Purpose Statement 164 Research Questions 164 The Research Plan 164 Philosophical Statement 164 Ethics in Practice 169 Review Stop 1 169 Genre/Design and Methods of Data Collection 170 Review Stop 2 174 Review Stop 3 179 Review Stop 4 185 Sampling, Participants, and Setting 185 Data Analysis and Interpretation Strategies 186 Review Stop 5 190 Evaluation 191 Representation 192 Ethics in Practice 193 Ethics Statement 194 Review Stop 6 194 References 195 Appendices 195 Conclusion 195 Review Stop Answer Key 197 Further Engagement 198 Resources 199 7. Mixed Methods Research Design 201 Structure of a Research Proposal 201 Basic Introductory Information 202 Title 202 Abstract 202 Keywords 202 The Topic 202 The Topic under Investigation 202 Research Purpose Statement 203 Research Questions and Hypotheses (as Applicable) 203 Philosophical Statement and Theoretical Perspective 205 Literature Review 206 Review Stop 1 207 The Research Plan 207 Design and Methods of Data Collection 207 Review Stop 2 209 Ethics in Practice 216 Review Stop 3 218 Sampling and Participants 218 Data Analysis and Interpretation Strategies 219 Representation 221 Ethics in Practice 222 Ethics Statement 222 Review Stop 4 223 References 223 Appendices 223 Conclusion 224 Review Stop Answer Key 226 Further Engagement 227 Resources 228 8. Arts-Based Research Design 229 Structure of a Research Proposal 229 Basic Introductory Information 230 Title 230 Abstract 231 Keywords 231 The Topic 231 The Topic under Investigation or the Theme 231 Research Purpose or Goal Statement 232 Research Questions (Optional) 232 Review Stop 1 233 The Research Plan 233 Philosophical Statement 233 Ethics in Practice 234 Participants and/or Content 235 Review Stop 2 236 Genres and Practices 236 Ethics in Practice 240 Review Stop 3 242 Review Stop 4 244 Review Stop 5 248 Representation and Audience 249 Ethics in Practice 250 Evaluation Criteria 251 Ethics Statement 251 Review Stop 6 253 References 253 Appendices 253 Conclusion 254 Review Stop Answer Key 256 Further Engagement 257 Resources 258 9. Community-Based Participatory Research Design 259 Structure of a Research Proposal 260 Basic Introductory Information 260 Title 260 Abstract 260 Keywords 261 The Topic 261 The Problem or Issue 261 Literature Review 264 Ethics in Practice 266 Review Stop 1 266 Research Purpose Statement 266 Research Questions 267 The Research Plan 267 Philosophical Statement 267 Setting(s) and Participants 270 Review Stop 2 271 Design and Methods 272 Ethics in Practice 278 Review Stop 3 279 Data Analysis and Interpretation 279 Representation and Dissemination 280 Ethics in Practice 283 Ethics Statement 284 Review Stop 4 285 References 285 Appendices 285 Conclusion 286 Review Stop Answer Key 287 Further Engagement 288 Resources 289 Glossary 292 References 310 Author Index 326 Subject Index 330 About the Author 346 With a new chapter on the literature review, this accessible step-by-step guide to using the five major approaches to research design is now in a thoroughly revised second edition. The prior edition's user-friendly features are augmented by a new companion website with worksheets keyed to each chapter. For each approach, the text presents a template for a research proposal and explains how to conceptualize and fill in every section. Interdisciplinary research examples draw on current events and social justice issues. Unique coverage includes hot topics--replication studies, data sharing, and preregistration; tailoring proposals to different audiences; and more. Terminology commonly used in each approach is identified and key moments of ethical decision making are flagged. The book includes a general introduction to social research, an in-depth discussion of ethics, and a chapter on how to begin a research study. New to This Edition *New or expanded discussions of theory and literature in quantitative research, replication studies, preregistration of research, the critical paradigm in qualitative research, mixed methods research, approaching different kinds of organizations in community-based participatory research, and more. *Chapter on the literature review, including the ethics of citational practices. *Companion website with worksheets to aid in learning and practicing each chapter's key concepts. *Updated examples, references, and recommended readings throughout. Pedagogical Features *Multiple "Review Stops" in each chapter--quick quizzes with answer keys. *End-of-chapter writing exercises, research activities, and suggested resources. *Bolded key terms and an end-of-book glossary. *Boxed tips from experts in the respective approaches. *Pointers to downloadable worksheets throughout the chapters. *Author-created PowerPoints and chapter tests with answer keys available to instructors using the book in a course.