Dictionary of Global Bioethics

This Dictionary presents a broad range of topics relevant in present-day global bioethics. With more than 500 entries, this dictionary covers organizations working in the field of global bioethics, international documents concerning bioethics, personalities that have played a role in the development of global bioethics, as well as specific topics in the field.The book is not only useful for students and professionals in global health activities, but can also serve as a basic tool that explains relevant ethical notions and terms. The dictionary furthers the ideals of cosmopolitanism: solidarity, equality, respect for difference and concern with what human beings- and specifically patients - have in common, regardless of their backgrounds, hometowns, religions, gender, etc. Global problems such as pandemic diseases, disasters, lack of care and medication, homelessness and displacement call for global responses.This book demonstrates that a moral vision of global health is necessary and it helps to quickly understand the basic ideas of global bioethics. Preface Contents About the Authors Organizations 1 ASBH 2 CIOMS 3 Council of Europe/CoE (See also Oviedo Convention) 4 EGE (See also International committees) 5 ESPMH 6 FAO 7 HUGO 8 IAB (See also SIBI) 9 IAEE 10 IBC 11 MSF 12 SIBI 13 UNESCO 14 WHO 15 WIPO 16 WMA 17 WTO Documents 18 CBD 19 DoH 20 Doha Declaration 21 Earth Charter 22 Nuremberg Code 23 Oviedo Convention (See also Council of Europe) 24 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development 25 TRIPS 26 UDBHR 27 UDHGHR 28 UDHR Persons 29 Bankowski 30 Hellegers 31 Jahr 32 Pardo 33 Pellegrino 34 Potter Topics 35 Ableism 36 Abortion 37 Abuse, Child 38 Abuse, Concept 39 Abuse, Elder 40 Access to Healthcare 41 Access to Medication 42 Addiction (See Substance Abuse) 43 Adoption 44 Advance Care Planning (See Advance Directive) 45 Advance Directive (See Advance Care Planning; Living Will) 46 Advocacy 47 Aesthetic Medicine (See Cosmetic Surgery) 48 Ageism 49 Agricultural Ethics 50 AIDS (See HIV) 51 Alternative Medicine 52 Altruism (See Authenticity) 53 Animal Cloning (See Animal Ethics; Animal Research; Cloning) 54 Animal Ethics (See Animal Welfare; Animal Rights; Animal Research; Vegetarianism; Zoocentrism) 55 Animal Research (See Animal Ethics; Animal Welfare; Animal Cloning) 56 Animal Rights (See Animal Ethics; Animal Research; Animal Welfare; Vegetarianism; Zoocentrism) 57 Animal Welfare (See Animal Ethics; Animal Research; Animal Rights) 58 Anthropocentrism (See Biocentrism; Ecocentrism; Zoocentrism) 59 Anticommons (See Commons) 60 Applied Ethics 61 Artificial Insemination 62 Artificial Intelligence 63 Artificial Nutrition and Hydration 65 Assisted Reproductive Technology 66 Assisted Suicide 67 Authenticity (See Altruism) 68 Autonomy (See Respect for Autonomy) 69 Avian Flu 70 Behavioral Economics 71 Behavior Modification 72 Benefits and Harms 73 Benefit-Sharing 74 Big Data 75 Biobanking 76 Biocentrism (See Anthropocentrism; Ecocentrism; Environmental Ethics; Zoocentrism) 77 Biodiversity 78 Bioengineering 79 Bioethical Imperialism 80 Bioethics and Religion (See Religion and Bioethics) 81 Bioethics, Clinical 82 Bioethics, Education 83 Bioethics, Environmental (See Environmental Ethics) 84 Bioethics, Global 85 Bioethics, History 86 Bioethics, Medical 87 Bioinvasion (See Invasive Species) 88 Biolaw 89 Biological Weapons (See Biosecurity; Dual Use; Weapons) 90 Biometrics 91 Bionics 92 Biopiracy (See Bioprospecting) 93 Biopolitics 94 Bioprinting 95 Bioprospecting (See Biopiracy) 96 Biosafety (See Biosecurity) 97 Biosecurity (See Biosafety; Bioterrorism) 98 Biosphere 99 Biotechnology 100 Bioterrorism (See Biosecurity) 101 Birth Control (See Contraception; Fertility Control) 102 Brain Death (See Death) 103 Brain Drain (See Care Drain) 104 BSE (Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy) 105 Business Ethics 106 Capabilities 107 Capacity (See Capability; Capacity Building; Competence) 108 Capacity Building (See Capacity) 109 Capital Punishment (See Death Penalty) 110 Care Drain (See Brain Drain) 111 Care Ethics (See Chronic Illness and Care) 112 Casuistry 113 Censorship 114 Children and Ethics (See Pediatrics) 115 Children and Research (See Pediatrics) 116 Children’s Rights 117 Chimera (See Research Ethics, Interspecies) 118 Chronic Illness and Care (See Care Ethics) 119 Circumcision, Male 120 Citizenship, Biological 121 Citizenship, Ecological 122 Citizenship, General 123 Citizenship, Genetic 124 Civil Disobedience 125 Civil Society 126 Climate Change 127 Clinical Equipoise 128 Clinical Ethics, Committees 129 Clinical Ethics Consultation 130 Clinical Ethics, General 131 Clinical Ethics, Methods 132 Clinical Ethics, Professionalization 133 Clinical Ethics, Support 134 Clinical Ethics, Teaching (See Bioethics Education) 135 Clinical Research (See Research; Research Ethics) 136 Clinical Trials (See Research Ethics; Clinical Research) 137 Clone 138 Cloning, Animal (See Animal Cloning) 139 Cloning, Concept 140 Cloning, Food 141 Cloning, General 142 Cloning, Human 143 Codes of Conduct 144 Coercion 145 Cognitive Sciences 146 Commercialism 147 Committees, Clinical Ethics Committees 148 Committees, General 149 Committees, International Ethics Committees 150 Committees, National Ethics Committees 151 Committees, Research Ethics Committees (See Research Ethics; Research Ethics Committees) 152 Commodification 153 Common Good 154 Common Heritage of Humankind 155 Commons (See Common Heritage of Humankind) 156 Communication, Ethics 157 Communication, General 158 Communication, Media (See Media Ethics) 159 Communitarian Ethics (See Communitarianism) 160 Communitarianism 161 Community Consent 162 Compassion 163 Compassionate Use (See Pre-approval Access; Right to Try) 164 Competence 165 Compliance 166 Complicity 167 Confidentiality 168 Conflict of Interest 169 Conscientious Objection 170 Consensus 171 Consent, Informed Consent 172 Consequentialism (See Utilitarianism) 173 Consultation 174 Contraception 175 Corruption 176 Cosmetic Surgery (See Aesthetic Medicine) 177 Cosmopolitanism 178 Cost–Benefit Analysis 179 Covid-19 180 CRISPR (See Genomic Editing; Gene Editing) 181 Contract Research Organizations 182 Cryogenics 183 Cultural Diversity 184 Cyborg 185 Data Sharing (See Research Ethics, Data Sharing; Virus Sharing) 186 Death, Concept 187 Death, Criteria (See Brain Death) 188 Death, General 189 Death Penalty 190 Declaration of Istanbul (See Trafficking; Organ Transplantation) 191 Deep Ecology (See Ecocentrism; Environmentalism) 192 Deliberation 193 Dementia 194 Demography 195 Dental Ethics 196 Deontology, Moral Theory 197 Deontology, Professional 198 Designer Babies 199 Development 200 Disability (See Ableism) 201 Disasters 202 Discourse Ethics 203 Discrimination 204 Disease Mongering 205 Disease 206 Diversity (See Biodiversity; Cultural Diversity) 207 Donation, Blood 208 Donation, Body (Corpse) 209 Donation, Embryo 210 Donation, Gametes 211 Donation, General 212 Donation, Organs 213 Donation, Tissues and Body Parts 214 Doping (See Sports) 215 Double Effect 216 Double Standards (See Standards of Care) 217 Drugs 218 Dual Use 219 Ebola 220 Ecocentrism (See Anthropocentrism; Biocentrism; Environmental Ethics; Zoocentrism) 221 Egalitarianism 222 Electronic Patient Records 223 Electronic Surveillance 224 Emergency Medicine (See Triage) 225 Emerging Infectious Diseases 226 Emerging Technologies 227 Empathy 228 Engineering Ethics 229 Enhancement 230 Environmental Ethics (See Ecocentrism) 231 Environmentalism (See Ecocentrism) 232 Epidemics (See Epidemiology) 233 Epidemiology 234 Epigenetics 235 Equality 236 Equity 237 Ethicists 238 Ethics 239 Eugenics 240 Euthanasia, Active 241 Euthanasia, Concept 242 Euthanasia, General 243 Euthanasia, History 244 Euthanasia, Passive 245 Evaluation Ethics 246 Evolutionary Ethics 247 Experimentation (See Research Ethics) 248 Exploitation 249 Fairness 250 Family Medicine 251 Family Planning (See Fertility Control) 252 FGC (Female Genital Cutting) 253 Feminist Ethics 254 Fertility Control (See Birth Control; Contraception) 255 Fertility Preservation 256 Fetal Research 257 Fetal Surgery 258 Food Ethics 259 Food Security (See Hunger; Food Ethics) 260 Forensic Medicine 261 Freedom, General 262 Freedom (of the Press) 526 Freedom (of Speech) 527 Freedom (of Treatment) 263 Futility 264 Future Generations 265 Gender 266 Gene Therapy 267 Gene Editing (See Genome Editing; CRISPR) 268 Generic Medication 269 Genetic Counseling 270 Genetic Determinism 271 Genetic Modification (GMOs), Animals 272 Genetic Modification (GMOs), Food 273 Genetic Modification (GMOs), General 274 Genetic Modification (GMOs), Human Beings 275 Genetic Modification (GMOs), Plants 276 Genetic Screening 277 Geneticization 278 Genome Editing (See Gene Editing; CRISPR) 279 Genomics 280 Ghostwriting 281 Global Compact 282 Global Fund 283 Global Justice (See Justice) 284 Globalization 285 Good Death (See Death, Concept) 286 Governance 287 Grassroots Activism 288 Harm (See Benefits and Harms) 289 Health Education and Promotion 290 Health Insurance 291 Health Policy 292 Health Tourism (See Medical Tourism) 293 Health, Concept 294 Health, Global 295 Health, Social Determinants Of 296 HIV (See AIDS) 297 Homelessness 298 Honor Codes 299 Hospice (See Palliative Care) 300 Human Dignity 301 Human Rights 302 Humanitarian Intervention 303 Hunger (See Food Security) 304 ICSI 305 In Vitro Fertilization (See Assisted Reproductive Technology) 306 Indigenous Ethical Perspectives 307 Indigenous Knowledge 308 Indigenous Rights 309 Infertility 310 Information Ethics 311 Information Technology 312 Informed Consent (See Consent) 313 Institutional Ethics (See Organizational Ethics) 314 Integrity Concept 315 Integrity, Personal 316 Integrity, Professional 317 Integrity, Research (See Research Ethics; Integrity) 318 Intensive Care 319 Interculturality 320 International Law 321 Internet 322 Invasive Species (See Bioinvasion) 323 Institutional Review Boards (See Research Ethics; Research Ethics Committees) 324 Journalism Ethics 325 Justice, Global 326 Justice, Intergenerational-Intragenerational 327 Justice, Theories 328 Law and Bioethics 329 Law and Morality 330 Leadership 331 Legal Ethics 332 Life Sciences 333 Life, Definitions 334 Life, Extension 335 Life, General 336 Life, Quality of (See Quality of Life; QALY) 337 Life, Sanctity of 338 Lifestyles 339 Literature 340 Living Will (See Advance Directive) 341 Malaria 342 Malpractice 343 Managed Care 344 Marginalization 345 Maximin Principle 346 Media Ethics (See Communication, Media) 347 Mediation 348 Medical Humanities 349 Medical Tourism (See Health Tourism) 350 Medicalization 351 Mental Health 352 Mental Illness 353 Mercy 354 Migration 355 Military Ethics (See War) 356 Minimalist Ethics 357 Mismanagement 358 Mistakes, Medical 359 Moral Distress 360 Moral Diversity (See Diversity) 361 Moral Entrepreneur 362 Moral Expertise 363 Moral Hazard 364 Moral Relativism 365 Moral Residue 366 Moral Status 367 Moral Theories (See Deontology; Moral Theory) 368 Moral Universalism 369 Multiculturalism 370 Nanoethics 371 Nanomedicine 372 Nanotechnology 373 Narrative Ethics 374 Natural Law 375 Nature versus Nurture 376 Neoliberalism (See Globalization) 377 Neonatology (See Pediatrics) 378 Neuroethics 379 Neurotechnology (See Neuroethics) 380 Non-governmental Organizations 381 Nursing Ethics 382 Occupational Safety 383 Occupational Therapy 384 Open Access 385 Organ Donation (See Donation, Organs) 386 Organ Trade (See Trafficking; Declaration of Istanbul) 388 Organizational Ethics (See Institutional Ethics) 389 Organoid 390 Outsourcing 391 Ownership (See Patenting; Property Rights) 392 Pain 393 Palliative Care (See Hospice; Palliative Sedation) 394 Palliative Sedation (See Palliative Care) 395 Pandemics 396 Patenting (See Ownership; Property Rights) 397 Paternalism 398 Patient Organizations 399 Patient Rights 400 Pediatrics (See Neonatology; Children and Ethics) 401 Persistent Vegetative State 402 Personalism 403 Personalized Medicine 404 Pharmacogenomics 405 Pharmacy Ethics 406 Placebo 407 Plagiarism 408 Pluralism 409 Pollution 410 Population Ethics 411 Poverty 412 Pre-approval Access (See Compassionate Use; Right to Try) 413 Precautionary Principle 414 Precision Medicine 415 Predictive Medicine 416 Prenatal Genetic Screening 417 Prevention 418 Principlism 419 Prisoners 421 Professional Ethics 422 Professionalism 423 Property Rights (See Ownership; Patenting) 424 Proportionality 426 Psychiatry Ethics 427 Psychosurgery 428 Public Health 429 Publication Ethics 430 Quality of Care 431 Quality of Life (See Life, Quality of; QALY) 432 QALY (See Quality of Life) 433 Refugees 434 Regenerative Medicine 435 Regulation (EU) on Clinical Trials 436 Rehabilitation 437 Religion and Bioethics (See Bioethics and Religion) 438 Reproductive Autonomy 439 Reproductive Ethics 440 Research (See Clinical Research; Research Ethics) 441 Research Ethics, Animal (See Animal Research) 442 Research Ethics, Clinical Research 443 Research Ethics, Data Sharing 444 Research Ethics, Embryo 445 Research Ethics, Integrity (See Integrity) 446 Research Ethics, Interspecies (See Chimera) 447 Research Ethics, Research Ethics Committees (See Institutional Review Boards) 448 Research Policy 449 Resource Allocation 450 Respect for Autonomy (See Autonomy) 451 Responsibility, Collective 452 Responsibility, Concept 453 Responsibility, Corporate 454 Responsibility, General 455 Responsibility, Individual 456 Responsibility, Social 457 Resuscitation (including DNR Orders) 458 Right to Die 459 Right to Health 460 Right to Try (See Compassionate Use; Pre-approval Access) 461 Risk 462 Robotics 463 Safety (See Biosafety) 464 SARS 465 Science Ethics 466 Scientific Misconduct 467 Sexual Ethics 468 Slippery Slope 469 Social Ethics 470 Social Media 471 Social Work 472 Solidarity 473 Spirituality 474 Sports (See Doping) 475 Standards of Care (See Double Standards) 476 Stem Cells, Adult 477 Stem Cells, Embryonic 478 Stem Cells, General 479 Stem Cells, Induced Pluripotent 480 Stewardship 481 Stigmatization 482 Strikes 483 Subsidiarity 484 Substance Abuse (See Addiction) 485 Suffering 486 Suicide 487 Surgery 488 Surrogate Decision-Making 489 Surrogate Motherhood 490 Sustainability 491 Synthetic Biology 492 Technology Assessment 493 Telecare 494 Testing, Genetic 495 Testing, Premarital 496 Torture 497 Traditional Medicine 499 Transhumanism (See Enhancement; Transplantation; Genetic Engineering) 500 Transplantation Medicine 501 Triage (See Emergency Medicine) 502 Trust 503 Truth Telling 504 Tuberculosis 505 Ubuntu Ethics 506 Utilitarianism (See Consequentialism) 507 Vaccination 508 Values 509 Vegetarianism (See Animal Ethics; Animal Welfare; Zoocentrism) 510 Veterinary Ethics 511 Violence 512 Virtue Ethics 513 Virus Sharing 514 Vivisection (See Animal Ethics; Animal Research) 515 Vulnerability 516 War (See Military Ethics) 517 Water 518 Weapons (See Biological Weapons) 519 Whistle-Blowing 520 Wrongful Birth 521 Wrongful Life 522 Xenograft 523 Xenotransplantation 524 Zika 525 Zoocentrism (See Animal Ethics; Anthropocentrism; Biocentrism; Ecocentrism)