Digital Logic and Microprocessors

This comprehensive, integrated introduction to digital hardware design features an up-to-date treatment of the fundamentals of logic design, microprocessors, interface design,and assembly language programming. Digital Logic and Microprocessors also includes an introduction to hardware description languages which provides a means of describing more complex sequential circuits and serves as a transition to the discussion of microprocessors. To come to grips with real-world details, the book uses an actual microprocessor (the 6502) as a tool for programming instruction, giving readers experience in those areas vital to system design, including input-output interfacing. The choice of the 6502 makes it possible to illustrate important programming topics with complete routines. Digital Logic and Microprocessors is accessible enough to be understood without prerequisites. This rigorously tested guide presents engineering design topics that can be grasped without a prior background in calculus. As a further aid, numerous completely developed examples appear throughout the book. It therefore can be used by working electrical and computer engineers, students specializing in computer technology or electrical engineering, non-majors with some knowledge of a high-levellanguage, or by any reader with sufficient interest and desire to learn about computer hardware. About the authors: FREDRICK J. HILL is Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Arizona. His industrial experience includes positions in the Computer Aided Design Department of Motorola’s Semiconductor Products Division in Mesa, Arizona; the Electronics Department of the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory in Livermore, California; the Instrumentation and Range Development Office at the U.S. Army Electronic Proving Ground at Fort Huachuca, Arizona; and the Advanced Digital Computer Techniques Section of the U.S. Army Signal Research and Development Laboratory in New Jersey. He is coauthor (with Dr. Peterson) of Introduction to Switching Theory and Logical Design (Wiley, 1968, 1974) and of Digital Systems: Hardware Organization and Design (Wiley, 1973, 1978), and author of numerous articles on digital hardware, computer-aided design, and related topics. Dr. Hill received his PhD in electrical engineering from the University of Utah. GERALD R. PETERSON is Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Arizona. For two years, he served as a consultant on the design of analog computers for Burr-Brown Research Corp. Earlier, he worked for General Electric in electric machinery testing and test equipment design, as well as in field engineering on aircraft armament and control systems. A member of several professional organizations, he is a Senior Member of I.E.E.E. Dr. Peterson is the author of Basic Analog Computation (1967), and the coauthor of Introduction to Switching Theory and Logical Design and of Digital Systems: Hardware Organization and Design. He received his PhD in electrical engineering from the University of Arizona. 1 Between the Transistor and the High-Level Language 1.1 Prior Perceptions 1.2 A Spectrum of Digital Languages 1.3 Control Flow 1.4 Terms and Roles 1.5 Some Digital History 2 Boolean Algebra and Digital Logic 2.1 Computer Logic Circuits 2.2 Application of Logic Circuits 2.3 Evaluation of Boolean Functions 2.4 Boolean Algebra 2.5 Simplification of Boolean Functions 2.6 Boolean Algebra as an Algebra of Subsets 2.7 On the History of the Algebra of Logic Problems References 3 0,1: Binary Numbers or Logical Values? 3.1 The Binary Number System 3.2 Conversion between Bases 3.3 Binary Coding of Decimal Digits 3.4 Historical Note Problems References 4 Simplification of Boolean Functions 4.1 Standard Forms of Boolean Functions 4.2 Karnaugh Map Representation of Boolean Functions 4.3 Simplification of Functions on the Karnaugh Map 4.4 Map Minimization of Product-of-Sums Expressions 4.5 Incompletely Specified Functions Problems References 5 Standard Digital Integrated Circuits 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Small-Scale Integrated Circuits 5.3 Fan-out, Fan-in, and Noise Immunity 5.4 Switching Delay in Logic Circuits 5.5 Circuit Implementation with NAND and NOR Gates 5.6 Multilevel All-NAND Realizations 5.7 Reducing Package Counts in Multilevel Realizations Problems References 6 Computer Arithmetic and Codes 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Conversion between Number Bases 6.3 Coding of Information 6.4 Parity 6.5 Binary Arithmetic 6.6 Implementation of Binary and BCD Addition 6.7 Carry and Overflow Problems References 7 Combinational MSI Parts, ROMs, and PLAs 7.1 Perspective 7.2 Combinational MSI Parts 7.3 Read-Only Memory 7.4 Chip-Select, Buses, and Three-State Switches 7.5 Programmed Logic Arrays 7.6 Describing Multiplexers with a Graphic Vector Notation 7.7 Special Purpose MSI Parts Problems References 8 Sequential Circuits 8.1 Storage of Information 8.2 Clocking 8.3 Registers 8.4 Memory Element Input Logic 8.5 A First Design Example 8.6 The J-K Flip-Flop 8.7 Design of Counters 8.8 MSI Registers and Counters Problems References 9 Synthesis of State Machines 9.1 A Language is Needed 9.2 Standard Symbols for the ASM Chart 9.3 Vending Machine Control 9.4 From ASM Charts to Transition Tables 9.5 Circuit Realization 9.6 The State Diagram, an Alternative Notation 9.7 Compatible States Problems References 10 Register Transfer Design 10.1 Generalized ASM Output 10.2 ASM Chart Representation of a Control Unit 10.3 Register Transfer Language (RTL) Notation 10.4 Construction of a Data Unit from an RTL Description 10.5 Timing of Connections and Transfers 10.6 Sequencing of Control 10.7 Combinational Logic and Conditional Transfers 10.8 Graphical and RTL Bus Notation 10.9 Timing Refinements in RTL Systems 10.10 An RTL Design Example Problems References 11 Small Computer Organization and Programming 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Central Processor and Memory Organization 11.3 CPU Organization and Instruction Formats 11.4 Fundamental Internal Sequence of a Single-Address Computer 11.5 Transfer-of-Control and Register-Only Instructions 11.6 Addition and Subtraction with Carry 11.7 Commands That Affect Only the Flags 11.8 Programming Procedures Problems 12 Addressing and Assembly Language 12.1 Microprocessor Addressing 12.2 Addressing Modes 12.3 Assembly Language Programming 12.4 More Programming 12.5 Data Conversion, Decimal Arithmetic, and Subroutines Problems 13 Memory and Input/Output 13.1 Memory Mapping 13.2 Timing of Memory Operation 13.3 Parallel Input/Output Interfacing 13.4 Interactive Input/Output 13.5 Programming Time Delays 13.6 Device Drivers 13.7 Substituting Input Scanning for Combinational Logic 13.8 Time-Sharing of Interface Ports Problems References 14 Serial Input/Output 14.1 Serial to Parallel Conversion 14.2 A Serial Communications Interface Adapter TBSIA 14.3 A Subroutine for Serial I/O through a TBSIA 14.4 Interconnecting RS-232 Equipments 14.5 Computer Networks Problems References 15 Additional Programming Topics 15.1 Pointer Addressing and Stacks 15.2 Subroutines 15.3 Interrupts 15.4 Start-up and Reset 15.5 Tables and Other Data Structures Problems References 16 Microprocessor-Based Systems Design 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Vending Machine Operation 16.3 System Specifications 16.4 Control Unit Design 16.5 Planning the Program 16.6 Memory Map Layout 16.7 Coding the Program Problems 17 The Clock-Mode Assumption Reexamined 17.1 Attention to Output Waveforms 17.2 Elimination of Hazards 17.3 Synchronizing Inputs to Clock-Mode Circuits 17.4 Clock Skew on Edge-Triggered Flip-Flops 17.5 Is That Clock Really Necessary? 17.6 Synthesis of Level-Mode Sequential Circuits from a Flow Table 17.7 Races in State Variable Transitions 17.8 Critical Race-Free State Assignments 17.9 More Constraints on Level-Mode Realizations Problems References Appendix A Powers off Two Appendix B Summary off TB65O2 Instruction Set Appendix C TB6502 Instruction Set: Opcodes, Bytes, Cycles Appendix D Mapping the TB6502 into the 6502 Index A carefully integrated treatment for a one- or two-semester first course in computer hardware at the sophomore/junior level, this text includes up-to-date discussions of digital logic combined with an in-depth look at microprocessor programming and interface design. An introduction to hardware description languages is provided as a means of describing more complex sequential circuits and as a transition to microprocessors.