Digital Television : Technology and Standards

The only single, comprehensive textbook on all aspects of digital television The next few years will see a major revolution in the technology used to deliver television services as the world moves from analog to digital television. Presently, all existing textbooks dealing with analog television standards (NTSC and PAL) are becoming obsolete as the prevalence of digital technology continues to become more widespread. Now, Digital Television: Technology and Standards fills the need for a single, authoritative textbook that covers all aspects of digital television technology. Divided into three main sections, Digital Television explores: * Video: MPEG-2, which is at the heart of all digital video broadcasting services * Audio: MPEG-2 Advanced Audio Coding and Dolby AC-3, which will be used internationally in digital video broadcasting systems * Systems: MPEG, modulation transmission, forward error correction, datacasting, conditional access, and digital storage media command and control Complete with tables, illustrations, and figures, this valuable textbook includes problems and laboratories at the end of each chapter and also offers a number of exercises that allow students to implement the various techniques discussed using MATLAB. The authors' coverage of implementation and theory makes this a practical reference for professionals, as well as an indispensable textbook for advanced undergraduates and graduate-level students in electrical engineering and computer science programs. Digital Television......Page 4 Contents......Page 10 Preface......Page 18 1.2 Analog Television......Page 20 1.2.1 Video......Page 21 1.2.3 Systems......Page 28 1.3 The Motivation for Digital Television......Page 30 1.4 The Need for Compression......Page 31 1.5 Standards for Digital Television......Page 33 References......Page 34 2.1 Picture Correlation......Page 36 2.2 Information Content......Page 41 2.3 The Human Visual System......Page 45 2.3.1 Perception of Changes in Brightness......Page 46 2.3.4 Frequency Sensitivity......Page 47 2.3.6 Conclusion......Page 48 Problems......Page 49 MATLAB Exercise 2.1: Correlation Coefficient within a Picture......Page 51 MATLAB Exercise 2.3: Entropy of a Picture......Page 52 3.1.1 Huffman Coding......Page 54 3.2 Predictive Coding......Page 60 3.3 Motion-Compensated Prediction......Page 69 3.3.1 Motion Estimation......Page 70 3.3.2 Motion-Compensated Prediction to Subpixel Accuracy......Page 85 3.4 Quantization......Page 87 3.5 Rate-Distortion Curves......Page 92 3.6 Summary......Page 93 Problems......Page 94 MATLAB Exercise 3.1: Huffman Coding......Page 99 MATLAB Exercise 3.2: Differential Pulse Code Modulation......Page 100 MATLAB Exercise 3.3: Temporal Prediction and Motion Estimation......Page 101 MATLAB Exercise 3.4: Fast Search Motion Estimation......Page 103 4.1 Introduction to Transform Coding......Page 106 4.2 The Fourier Transform......Page 108 4.3 The Karhunen–Loeve Transform......Page 111 4.4 The Discrete Cosine Transform......Page 119 4.4.1 Choice of Transform Block Size......Page 124 4.4.2 Quantization of DCT Transform Coefficients......Page 126 4.4.3 Quantization of DCT Coefficients Based on the Human Visual System......Page 129 4.4.4 Coding of Nonzero DCT Coefficients......Page 132 4.5 Motion-Compensated DCT Encoders and Decoders......Page 133 4.6 Rate Control......Page 135 Problems......Page 141 MATLAB Exercise 4.1: Eigenvectors of a Picture......Page 145 MATLAB Exercise 4.2: Discrete Cosine Transform......Page 146 MATLAB Exercise 4.3: Discrete Cosine Transform with Motion Compensation......Page 147 5.2 Representation of Chrominance Information......Page 148 5.3.1 The Block Layer......Page 151 5.3.2 The Macroblock Layer......Page 153 5.3.3 The Slice Layer......Page 167 5.4 Bit-Stream Syntax......Page 170 5.4.3 Describing the Bit-Stream Syntex......Page 171 5.4.4 Special Functions within the Syntax......Page 173 5.5.1 The Video Sequence Layer......Page 174 5.5.2 The Picture Layer......Page 176 5.5.3 The Slice Layer......Page 177 5.5.4 The Macroblock Layer......Page 178 5.5.5 The Block Layer......Page 180 Problems......Page 181 MATLAB Exercise 5.2: A Simple Video Encoder......Page 186 MATLAB Exercise 5.4: A Video Encoder......Page 187 MATLAB Exercise 5.6: Intra/Inter/Motion-Compensated Coding of Macroblocks......Page 188 6.1 Introduction......Page 190 6.2 Picture Types in MPEG-2......Page 192 6.3 The Syntax of MPEG-2......Page 198 6.3.1 Extension Start Code and Extension Data......Page 199 6.3.2 Sequence Layer......Page 200 6.3.3 The Group of Pictures Layer......Page 206 6.3.4 The Picture Layer......Page 207 6.3.5 The Slice Layer......Page 217 6.3.6 The Macroblock Layer......Page 219 6.3.7 The Block Layer......Page 240 6.4 Video Buffer Verifier......Page 242 6.5.1 Profiles......Page 246 Problems......Page 248 MATLAB Exercise 6.2: Dual-Prime Motion-Compensated Prediction......Page 252 MATLAB Exercise 6.3: Field and Frame Motion-Compensated Prediction......Page 253 MATLAB Exercise 6.4: Field and Frame DCT Coding......Page 254 7. Perceptual Audio Coding......Page 256 7.1 The Human Auditory System......Page 257 7.1.2 Middle Ear......Page 258 7.1.3 Inner Ear......Page 259 7.2.2 Auditory Thresholds......Page 263 7.2.3 The Critical Bandwidth and Auditory Filters......Page 265 7.2.4 Auditory Masking......Page 267 Problems......Page 270 References......Page 271 8.1 The Sampling Theorem......Page 272 8.2 Digital Filters......Page 274 8.3.1 The Analysis Filter Bank......Page 275 8.3.2 The Synthesis Filter Bank......Page 277 8.3.3 Filters for Perfect Reconstruction......Page 278 8.4 Cosine-Modulated Filters......Page 279 8.5.1 Analysis Filter......Page 284 8.5.2 Synthesis Filter......Page 289 8.6 Time-Domain Aliasing Cancellation......Page 293 Problems......Page 299 MATLAB Exercise 8.1......Page 301 MATLAB Exercise 8.2......Page 302 References......Page 303 9. MPEG Audio......Page 304 9.1 MPEG-1 Layer I,II Encoders......Page 306 9.1.2 Scalefactor Calculation......Page 307 9.1.3 Psychoacoustic Model 1......Page 310 9.1.4 Dynamic Bit Allocation......Page 326 9.1.5 Coding of Bit Allocation......Page 329 9.1.6 Quantization and Coding of Subband Samples......Page 330 9.1.7 Formatting......Page 331 9.2 Layer II Encoder......Page 333 9.2.3 Coding of Scalefactors......Page 334 9.2.4 Dynamic Bit Allocation......Page 336 9.2.6 Quantization and Coding of Subband Samples......Page 338 9.2.8 Formatting......Page 340 9.3 Joint Stereo Coding......Page 341 9.4.2 Audio Frame......Page 342 9.4.3 Header......Page 343 9.5.1 Bit Allocation Decoding......Page 347 9.5.3 Scalefactor Decoding......Page 350 9.5.4 Requantization of Subband Samples......Page 351 9.6.1 Backwards-Compatible MPEG-2 Frame Formatting......Page 352 9.7 Summary......Page 354 Problems......Page 355 MATLAB Exercise 9.1......Page 357 MATLAB Exercise 9.2......Page 358 References......Page 359 10. Dolby AC-3 Audio......Page 360 10.1 Encoder......Page 362 10.1.1 Audio Input Format......Page 363 10.1.2 Transient Detection......Page 364 10.1.3 Forward Transform......Page 365 10.1.4 Channel Coupling......Page 368 10.1.5 Rematrixing......Page 375 10.1.6 Extract Exponents......Page 378 10.1.7 Encode Exponents......Page 382 10.1.8 Bit Allocation......Page 383 10.1.9 Quantize Mantissas......Page 400 10.1.10 Dialog Normalization......Page 405 10.1.11 Dynamic Range Compression......Page 406 10.1.12 Heavy Compression......Page 408 10.1.13 Downmixing......Page 409 10.2.1 Syntax Specification......Page 416 10.3.1 Decode Exponents......Page 429 10.3.2 Bit Allocation......Page 431 10.3.3 Decode Coefficients......Page 432 10.3.5 Inverse Transform......Page 433 Problems......Page 434 MATLAB Exercise 10.2......Page 438 References......Page 439 11.1 Introduction......Page 440 11.2 Service Overview......Page 441 11.3.1 PES Sublayer......Page 444 11.3.2 Transport Stream Sublayer......Page 447 11.4 Timing......Page 453 11.4.2 Clock References and Reconstruction of the STC......Page 454 11.5 Buffer Management......Page 456 11.6.1 MPEG-2 Descriptors......Page 458 11.6.2 MPEG-2 Tables......Page 472 11.6.3 Overheads Due to PSI......Page 477 11.7.3 Program Reassembly......Page 478 11.8.1 Use of MPEG-2 Systems in ATSC......Page 482 11.8.2 Use of MPEG-2 Systems in DVB......Page 483 Problems......Page 484 References......Page 488 12.2 Why SI and PSIP?......Page 490 12.3 DVB-SI......Page 491 12.3.1 DVB Common Data Formats......Page 493 12.3.2 DVB Descriptors......Page 495 12.3.3 DVB Tables......Page 511 12.3.4 DVB Delivery Issues......Page 519 12.4 ATSC Program and System Information Protocol......Page 520 12.4.1 Common Data Formats......Page 521 12.4.2 ATSC Descriptors......Page 523 12.4.3 ATSC Tables......Page 527 12.5 DVB SI and ATSC PSIP Interoperability......Page 535 Problems......Page 536 MATLAB Exercise 12.1......Page 542 References......Page 543 13.2 Generic Concepts......Page 544 13.2.1 Channel Characteristics and Intersymbol Interference......Page 545 13.2.2 Modulation......Page 547 13.2.3 Equalization......Page 551 13.2.4 Randomization......Page 554 13.2.5 Channel Coding Technology......Page 556 13.3.1 ATSC 8-VSB Modulation......Page 564 13.3.2 ATSC Data Framing......Page 565 13.3.3 ATSC Concatenated Channel Coder......Page 566 13.4.1 DVB Modulation......Page 569 13.4.2 DVB Channel Coding......Page 581 Problems......Page 585 MATLAB Exercise 13.2......Page 588 References......Page 589 14.2 DVB Subtitles and Teletext......Page 590 14.2.1 Subtitles......Page 591 14.2.2 Teletext......Page 600 14.3.1 Line 21 Data Service......Page 606 14.3.2 Advanced Television Closed Captioning......Page 611 Problems......Page 622 References......Page 623 Appendix. MPEG Tables......Page 624 Index......Page 636

The only single, comprehensive textbook on all aspects of digital television The next few years will see a major revolution in the technology used to deliver television services as the world moves from analog to digital television. Presently, all existing textbooks dealing with analog television standards (NTSC and PAL) are becoming obsolete as the prevalence of digital technology continues to become more widespread. Now, Digital Television: Technology and Standards fills the need for a single, authoritative textbook that covers all aspects of digital television technology. Divided into three main sections, Digital Television explores:
* Video: MPEG-2, which is at the heart of all digital video broadcasting services
* Audio: MPEG-2 Advanced Audio Coding and Dolby AC-3, which will be used internationally in digital video broadcasting systems
* Systems: MPEG, modulation transmission, forward error correction, datacasting, conditional access, and digital storage media command and control Complete with tables, illustrations, and figures, this valuable textbook includes problems and laboratories at the end of each chapter and also offers a number of exercises that allow students to implement the various techniques discussed using MATLAB. The authors' coverage of implementation and theory makes this a practical reference for professionals, as well as an indispensable textbook for advanced undergraduates and graduate-level students in electrical engineering and computer science programs.

Written as an academic textbook aimed at final year undergraduate or postgraduate engineers, Digital Television: Technology and Standards covers all aspects of digital video broadcasting. The book covers Video, Audio, and Systems. The various chapters in the book are supported by appropriate examples given in MATLAB Written as an academic textbook aimed at final year undergraduate or postgraduate engineers, this book covers all aspects of digital video broadcasting, such as video, audio, and systems. The various chapters are supported by appropriate examples given in MATLAB