Disability and International Development : A Guide for Students and Practitioners

__Disability and International Development__ provides a comprehensive overview of the key themes in the field of disability and development, including issues around identity, poverty, disability rights, education, health, livelihoods, disaster recovery and approaches to researching disability. As disability becomes increasingly prominent within the international development agenda, the need for governments and development actors to have a basic understanding of disability issues, as they seek to support disabled people to access their rights to full participation in society, has never been more acute. Drawing on a range of examples taken from around the world, this book introduces readers to the key topics and theories surrounding disability and development. The second edition of this popular textbook includes increased coverage of environmental accessibility, intersectionality, and reflections on the disproportionate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on disabled people and the prospects for change in a post-pandemic environment. Written in an accessible and engaging style to suit both students and practitioners, the book includes a wide range of reflection exercises, discussion questions and further reading suggestions, making it the perfect introduction to disability and international development. Cover Endorsements Half Title Series Title Copyright Dedication Table of Contents List of Figures, tables, boxes and case studies Foreword Preface Acknowledgements List of Abbreviations 1 Introduction Terminology Book structure and chapter summaries Chapter 2: understanding, defining and measuring disability Chapter 3: disability, identity and shared experiences of poverty Chapter 4: international agreements on disability Chapter 5: disabled people’s organisations and the international disability rights movement Chapter 6: environmental accessibility Chapter 7: disability, health and rehabilitation Chapter 8: access to education Chapter 9: pathways to economic participation Chapter 10: disability and disasters Chapter 11: disability and the COVID-19 pandemic Chapter 12: researching disability 2 Understanding, defining and measuring disability Individual models of disability Religious model Welfare model Medical model Social model of disability Social model debates The social model and the Global South Human rights model Bio-psycho-social model Measuring disability Measuring disability using the ICF Summary of key points Discussion questions Suggested further reading 3 Disability, identity and shared experiences of poverty Disability models and social identity Impairment and identity Disability and intersectionality Intersectional studies on disability Cultural context Shared experiences of poverty Disability and poverty in the Global South Disability and development gap Capability and the conversion handicap Social protection Summary of key points Discussion questions Suggested further reading 4 International agreements on disability Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Mentally Retarded Persons (1971) United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons (1975) World Programme of Action (WPA) (1982) United Nations Standard Rules (1993) Copenhagen Declaration on Social Development (1995) Ottawa Treaty (1997) Millennium Declaration (2000) Sapporo Declaration (2002) United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) (2006) Optional protocol CRPD implementation barriers Lack of adequate data Lack of political will Weak governance structures Lack of DPO capacity Charity outlook Negative attitudes, prejudice and stigma United Nations Partnership on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNPRPD) (2011) Addis Ababa Financing Agenda (2015) 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Regional agreements Regional decades Inter-American Convention for the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Persons With Disabilities (1999) Protocol to the African Charter on Human and People’s Rights on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in Africa (2018) Summary of key points Discussion questions Suggested further reading 5 Disabled People’s Organisations and the international disability rights movement The independent living movement Disabled People’s International and the International Disability Movement Disabled people’s organisations (DPOs) Challenges facing DPOs Resource constraints Conflicting priorities Representation Conflict and fragmentation Political influence The rights-based approach in Southern contexts Disability mainstreaming and the twin-track approach Summary of key points Discussion questions Suggested further reading 6 Environmental accessibility Societal barriers Physical barriers Institutional barriers Attitudinal barriers Intersecting barriers Accessibility in the CRPD Reasonable accommodation The role of disabled people and Disabled People’s Organisations (DPOs) Legislation and implementation Universal Design (UD) New Urban Agenda Universal design and the ICF The role of assistive technology ICT, the Information Society arid the digital divide Standards and benchmarking Universal design in the field of ICT Summary of key points Discussion questions Suggested further reading 7 Disability, health and rehabilitation Health and rehabilitation in the CRPD Disability and health Health risk factors Exposure to violence and abuse Disability and rehabilitation Rehabilitation and the ICF Barriers to health and rehabilitation Accessibility Improving accessibility Affordability Addressing cost barriers Availability Improving coverage Quality Raising standards Access to sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services Community-based rehabilitation (CBR) The CBR matrix CBR issues and challenges Summary of key points Discussion questions Suggested further reading 8 Access to education Disability, education and poverty Special education The future role of special schools Integrated education Inclusive education International agreements on disability and education United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) 1989 Jomtien Conference, 1990 Salamanca Conference, 1994 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), 2000 World Education Forum for Action, Dakar, 2000 EFA Flagship on the Right to Education for Persons with Disabilities, 2004 United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), 2006 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Inclusive education in practice Inaccessible schools Improving accessibility School resources Overcoming resource constraints Rigid teaching curricula and methods Cbild-to-cbild approach Discriminatory attitudes Raising disability awareness Violence and bullying Addressing bullying and violence within schools Summary of key points Discussion questions Suggested further reading 9 Pathways to economic participation Relevant international agreements ILO Employment (Transition from War to Peace) Recommendation No.71, 1944. ILO Recommendation No. 59, 1955 ILO Convention No. 159, 1983 ILO Code of Practice for Managing Disability in the Workplace, 2001 UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), 2006 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Environmental factors Institutional processes Attitudes and beliefs Local economy Disability sector Family support Vocational skills development Segregated approaches Mainstream approaches Apprenticeships Waged employment Legislation and affirmative action Non-obligatory measures Business case job placement Self-directed employment Access to capital Group enterprises Business development support (BDS) Summary of key points Discussion questions Suggested further reading 10 Disability and disasters Impact of disasters on disabled people Intersectional discrimination Poverty impacts Impairment-related, impacts The disaster management cycle Disaster preparation Inadequate data Early warning and evacuation Poverty and isolation Disaster response Blanket approaches Displacement Temporary shelters and camps Disaster recovery A time of opportunity Disaster mitigation Role of DPOs in disaster management processes Strengthening DPOs Peacekeeping and reconciliation International disaster management frameworks, standards and guidance documents United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) (2006) Sphere standards United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) (2011) Sendai Framework (2015) International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) (2015) Charter on Inclusion of Persons with Disabilities in Humanitarian Action (2016) IASC Guidelines: Inclusion of Persons with Disabilities in Humanitarian Action (2019) Summary of key points Discussion questions Suggested further reading 11 Disability and the COVID-19 pandemic Impact of COVID-19 Loss of community support Access to information Access to health and rehabilitation Economic stresses Exclusion from education Institutional living Intersectional discrimination Differing experiences by impairment type Disability-inclusive responses Accessible information Inclusive health responses Social protection Inclusive education responses Inclusive employment responses Community support Supporting disabled people living in institutions Consultation and collaboration Summary of key points Discussion questions Suggested further reading 12 Researching disability Historical impact of disability research Participatory research Participatory Rural Appraisal Participatory action research Putting participation into practice Emancipatory research Putting emancipatory research into practice Reciprocity, gain and empowerment Summary of key points Discussion questions Suggested further reading Index