Drilling fluids processing handbook

Written by the Shale Shaker Committee of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, originally of the American Association of Drilling Engineers, the authors of this book are some of the most well-respected names in the world for drilling. The first edition, Shale Shakers and Drilling Fluid Systems, was only on shale shakers, a very important piece of machinery on a drilling rig that removes drill cuttings. The original book has been much expanded to include many other aspects of drilling solids control, including chapters on drilling fluids, cut-point curves, mud cleaners, and many other pieces of equipment that were not covered in the original book. · Written by a team of more than 20 of the world's foremost drilling experts, from such companies as Shell, Conoco, Amoco, and BP.· There has never been a book that pulls together such a vast array of materials and depth of topic coverage in the area of drilling fluids.· Covers quickly changing technology that updates the drilling engineer on all of the latest equipment, fluids, and techniques. Contents......Page 6 Biographies......Page 18 Preface......Page 24 1.2 Purpose......Page 28 1.3 Introduction......Page 29 1.4 Historical Perspective......Page 31 1.5 Comments......Page 38 1.6 Waste Management......Page 40 2.1.1 Functions of Drilling Fluids......Page 42 2.1.2 Types of Drilling Fluids......Page 43 2.1.3 Drilling Fluid Selection......Page 44 2.1.4 Separation of Drilled Solids from Drilling Fluids......Page 47 2.2.1 Nature of Drilled Solids and Solid Additives......Page 52 2.2.2 Physical Properties of Solids in Drilling Fluids......Page 53 2.3 Properties of Drilling Fluids......Page 58 2.3.1 Rheology......Page 59 2.4.1 Detection of Hole-Cleaning Problems......Page 65 2.4.2 Drilling Elements That Affect Hole Cleaning......Page 67 2.4.3 Filtration......Page 72 2.4.4 Rate of Penetration......Page 74 2.4.5 Shale Inhibition Potential/Wetting Characteristics......Page 78 2.4.6 Lubricity......Page 79 2.4.7 Corrosivity......Page 80 2.5.1 Colloidal and Fine Solids......Page 81 2.5.2 Macropolymers......Page 82 2.5.3 Conventional Polymers......Page 83 2.5.4 Surface-Active Materials......Page 84 2.6.2 Drilling Fluid Product Compatibility and Storage Guidelines......Page 85 2.6.3 Waste Management and Disposal......Page 89 References......Page 93 3 Solids Calculation......Page 96 3.1 Procedure for a More Accurate Low-Gravity Solids Determination......Page 97 3.1.1 Sample Calculation......Page 100 3.2 Determination of Volume Percentage of Low-Gravity Solids in Water-Based Drilling Fluid......Page 104 3.3 Rig-Site Determination of Specific Gravity of Drilled Solids......Page 105 4 Cut Points......Page 108 4.1 How to Determine Cut Point Curves......Page 112 4.2 Cut Point Data: Shale Shaker Example......Page 117 5 Tank Arrangement......Page 120 5.1.1 Suction and Testing Section......Page 121 5.1.3 Removal Section......Page 122 5.1.4 Piping and Equipment Arrangement......Page 123 5.1.5 Equalization......Page 125 5.1.6 Surface Tanks......Page 126 5.1.7 Sand Traps......Page 127 5.1.9 Desander Suction and Discharge Pits......Page 129 5.1.11 Centrifuge Suction and Discharge Pits......Page 130 5.2.1 Trip Tank......Page 131 5.4 Reserve Tank(s)......Page 132 6 Scalping Shakers and Gumbo Removal......Page 134 7 Shale Shakers......Page 138 7.1 How a Shale Shaker Screens Fluid......Page 140 7.2 Shaker Description......Page 143 7.3 Shale Shaker Limits......Page 145 7.3.1 Fluid Rheological Properties......Page 146 7.3.5 Solids: Type, Size, and Shape......Page 147 7.4 Shaker Development Summary......Page 148 7.5 Shale Shaker Design......Page 149 7.5.1 Shape of Motion......Page 150 7.5.2 Vibrating Systems......Page 160 7.5.3 Screen Deck Design......Page 161 7.5.4 g Factor......Page 163 7.5.5 Power Systems......Page 167 7.6 Selection of Shale Shakers......Page 170 7.6.2 Cost of Removing Drilled Solids......Page 172 7.6.3 Specific Factors......Page 173 7.7 Cascade Systems......Page 175 7.7.2 Integral Unit with Multiple Vibratory Motions......Page 177 7.7.4 Cascade Systems Summary......Page 179 7.8 Dryer Shakers......Page 180 7.9 Shaker User's Guide......Page 181 7.9.1 Installation......Page 182 7.9.2 Operation......Page 183 7.9.3 Maintenance......Page 184 7.9.4 Operating Guidelines......Page 185 7.10 Screen Cloths......Page 186 7.10.1 Common Screen Cloth Weaves......Page 187 7.10.2 Revised API Designation System......Page 194 7.11 Factors Affecting Percentage-Separated Curves......Page 201 7.11.1 Screen Blinding......Page 203 7.11.2 Materials of Construction......Page 204 7.11.3 Screen Panels......Page 205 7.11.6 Three-Dimensional Screening Surfaces......Page 207 7.12.1 Microtunneling......Page 208 7.12.4 Fiber-Optic Cables......Page 209 8.1 Settling Rates......Page 210 8.2 Comparison of Settling Rates of Barite and Low-Gravity Drilled Solids......Page 213 8.3 Comments......Page 214 8.4 Bypassing the Shale Shaker......Page 215 9.1 Introduction: General Comments on Gas Cutting......Page 216 9.3 Desanders, Desilters, and Gas Cutting......Page 219 9.5 Basic Equipment for Handling Gas-Cut Mud......Page 220 9.5.3 Impact, Baffle, or Spray Separation......Page 222 9.6 Gas Busters......Page 223 9.7.1 Atmospheric Separators......Page 224 9.7.2 West Texas Separator......Page 225 9.8.1 Commercial Separator/Flare Systems......Page 226 9.8.2 Pressurized, or Closed, Separators: Modified Production Separators......Page 227 9.9 Degassers......Page 229 9.9.1 Degasser Operations......Page 230 9.9.2 Degasser Types......Page 232 9.9.4 Magna-VacTM Degasser......Page 234 9.10 Points About Separators and Separation......Page 236 References......Page 237 10.1 Basic Principles of Agitation Equipment......Page 240 10.2 Mechanical Agitators......Page 241 10.2.1 Impellers......Page 242 10.2.3 Shafts......Page 249 10.3.1 Design Parameters......Page 250 10.3.4 Tank Internals......Page 253 10.3.6 Sizing Agitators......Page 254 10.3.7 Turnover Rate (TOR)......Page 255 10.4 Mud Guns......Page 259 10.4.2 Low-Pressure Mud Guns......Page 260 10.4.3 Mud Gun Placement......Page 261 10.4.4 Sizing Mud Gun Systems......Page 262 10.5 Pros and Cons of Agitation Equipment......Page 264 10.5.4 Cons of Mud Guns......Page 265 10.6 Bernoulli's Principle......Page 266 10.6.1 Relationship of Pressure, Velocity, and Head......Page 267 10.7 Mud Hoppers......Page 271 10.7.1 Mud Hopper Installation and Operation......Page 273 10.7.2 Mud Hopper Recommendations......Page 275 10.8 Bulk Addition Systems......Page 277 10.9.1 Removal......Page 280 10.9.3 Suction......Page 281 References......Page 282 11 Hydrocyclones......Page 284 11.1 Discharge......Page 288 11.2 Hydrocyclone Capacity......Page 292 11.3 Hydrocyclone Tanks and Arrangements......Page 293 11.3.1 Desanders......Page 294 11.3.2 Desilters......Page 295 11.3.4 Hydrocyclone Feed Header Problems......Page 296 11.4 Median (D[sub(50)]) Cut Points......Page 297 11.4.1 Stokes' Law......Page 298 11.5 Hydrocyclone Operating Tips......Page 303 11.6 Installation......Page 305 11.7 Conclusions......Page 306 11.7.1 Errata......Page 308 12 Mud Cleaners......Page 310 12.1 History......Page 313 12.2 Uses of Mud Cleaners......Page 315 12.4 Location of Mud Cleaners in a Drilling-Fluid System......Page 318 12.5 Operating Mud Cleaners......Page 319 12.6 Estimating the Ratio of Low-Gravity Solids Volume and Barite Volume in Mud Cleaner Screen Discard......Page 320 12.7 Performance......Page 322 12.8 Mud Cleaner Economics......Page 324 12.10 Accurate Solids Determination Needed to Properly Identify Mud Cleaner Performance......Page 327 12.11 Heavy Drilling Fluids......Page 328 13.1 Decanting Centrifuges......Page 330 13.1.2 Separation Curves and Cut Points......Page 335 13.1.3 Drilling-Fluids Solids......Page 337 13.2 The Effects of Drilled Solids and Colloidal Barite on Drilling Fluids......Page 338 13.3 Centrifugal Solids Separation......Page 340 13.3.2 Centrifuge Applications......Page 343 13.3.4 The Use of Centrifuges with Weighted Drilling Fluids......Page 344 13.3.5 Running Centrifuges in Series......Page 345 13.3.7 Flocculation Units......Page 347 13.4 Rotary Mud Separator......Page 348 13.4.1 Problem 1......Page 349 13.5.3 Question 3......Page 351 13.5.8 Question 8......Page 352 13.5.10 Question 10......Page 353 14 Use of the Capture Equation to Evaluate the Performance of Mechanical Separation Equipment Used to Process Drilling Fluids......Page 354 14.1.2 Laboratory Analysis......Page 357 14.2.3 Characterizing Removed Solids......Page 358 14.3.2 Particle Size......Page 359 14.3.3 Economics......Page 360 14.4 Collection and Use of Supplementary Information......Page 361 15 Dilution......Page 362 15.1 Effect of Porosity......Page 364 15.2 Removal Efficiency......Page 365 15.3 Reasons for Drilled-Solids Removal......Page 366 15.4 Diluting as a Means for Controlling Drilled Solids......Page 367 15.5 Effect of Solids Removal System Performance......Page 368 15.6 Four Examples of the Effect of Solids Removal Equipment Efficiency......Page 369 15.6.1 Example 1......Page 370 15.6.2 Example 2......Page 371 15.6.3 Example 3......Page 373 15.6.5 Clean Fluid Required to Maintain 4%vol Drilled Solids......Page 374 15.7 Solids Removal Equipment Efficiency for Minimum Volume of Drilling Fluid to Dilute Drilled Solids......Page 375 15.7.1 Equation Derivation......Page 376 15.7.2 Discarded Solids......Page 377 15.8 Optimum Solids Removal Equipment Efficiency (SREE)......Page 378 15.9 Solids Removal Equipment Efficiency in an Unweighted Drilling Fluid from Field Data......Page 381 15.9.1 Excess Drilling Fluid Built......Page 383 15.10 Estimating Solids Removal Equipment Efficiency for a Weighted Drilling Fluid......Page 384 15.10.1 Solution......Page 385 15.10.2 Inaccuracy in Calculating Discard Volumes......Page 387 15.12.1 Drilled Solids Removal Factor......Page 388 15.13.1 Exercise 1......Page 389 15.13.2 Exercise 2......Page 391 15.13.4 Exercise 4......Page 392 15.13.5 General Comments......Page 393 16.1 Quantifying Drilling Waste......Page 394 16.1.2 Example 2......Page 395 16.1.3 Example 3......Page 396 16.1.4 Example 4......Page 397 16.1.5 Example 5......Page 398 16.2 Nature of Drilling Waste......Page 399 16.3 Minimizing Drilling Waste......Page 401 16.3.1 Total Fluid Management......Page 402 16.4 Offshore Disposal Options......Page 404 16.4.2 Injection......Page 405 16.4.4 Commercial Disposal......Page 407 16.5.1 Land Application......Page 409 16.5.2 Burial......Page 413 16.6.1 Dewatering......Page 418 16.6.2 Thermal Desorption......Page 422 16.6.3 Solidification/Stabilization......Page 424 16.7 Equipment Issues......Page 426 16.7.1 Augers......Page 427 16.7.2 Vacuums......Page 429 16.7.3 Cuttings Boxes......Page 430 16.7.4 Cuttings Dryers......Page 433 References......Page 439 17.1 Introduction to Electrical Theory......Page 440 17.2 Introduction to Electromagnetic Theory......Page 448 17.3 Electric Motors......Page 450 17.3.1 Rotor Circuits......Page 451 17.3.2 Stator Circuits......Page 452 17.4 Transformers......Page 454 17.5 Adjustable Speed Drives......Page 456 17.6.1 Ratings......Page 459 17.6.2 Energy Losses......Page 460 17.6.3 Temperature Rise......Page 461 17.7 Ambient Temperature......Page 462 17.8 Motor Installation and Troubleshooting......Page 465 17.9 Electric Motor Standards......Page 466 17.10 Enclosure and Frame Designations......Page 468 17.10.1 Protection Classes Relating to Enclosures......Page 470 17.11 Hazardous Locations......Page 471 17.12 Motors for Hazardous Duty......Page 476 17.13 European Community Directive 94/9/EC......Page 478 17.14 Electric Motors for Shale Shakers......Page 481 17.16 Electric Motors for Centrifugal Pumps......Page 486 17.17 Study Questions......Page 487 18.1 Impeller......Page 492 18.2 Casing......Page 494 18.3 Sizing Centrifugal Pumps......Page 497 18.3.1 Standard Definitions......Page 498 18.3.2 Head Produces Flow......Page 506 18.4 Reading Pump Curves......Page 507 18.5 Centrifugal Pumps Accelerate Fluid......Page 511 18.5.1 Cavitation......Page 512 18.5.2 Entrained Air......Page 513 18.6 Concentric vs Volute Casings......Page 515 18.6.1 Friction Loss Tables......Page 517 18.7.1 Friction Loss and Elevation Considerations......Page 518 18.8 Net Positive Suction Head......Page 530 18.8.2 Affinity Laws......Page 533 18.8.3 Friction Loss Formulas......Page 534 18.9 Recommended Suction Pipe Configurations......Page 535 18.9.1 Supercharging Mud Pumps......Page 537 18.9.2 Series Operation......Page 539 18.10 Standard Rules for Centrifugal Pumps......Page 540 18.11.1 Exercise 1......Page 541 18.11.2 Exercise 2: System Head Requirement Worksheet......Page 542 18.11.4 Exercise 4......Page 544 18.12.2 Answers to Exercise 2: System Head Requirement Worksheet......Page 545 18.12.4 Answers to Exercise 4......Page 547 19.1 Underbalanced Drilling Fundamentals......Page 548 19.2 Air/Gas Drilling......Page 550 19.2.1 Environmental Contamination......Page 551 19.2.2 Drilling with Natural Gas......Page 552 19.2.3 Sample Collection While Drilling with Air or Gas......Page 553 19.2.4 Air or Gas Mist Drilling......Page 554 19.3.1 Disposable Foam Systems......Page 556 19.3.2 Recyclable Foam Systems......Page 557 19.4 Liquid/Gas (Gaseated) Systems......Page 559 19.5.1 Sample Collection with Aerated Systems......Page 562 19.6 Underbalanced Drilling with Conventional Drilling Fluids or Weighted Drilling Fluids......Page 563 19.7 General Comments......Page 564 19.7.1 Pressurized Closed Separator System......Page 565 19.8.1 Shale......Page 566 19.8.4 Downhole Fires and Explosions......Page 567 19.8.6 Gaseated or Aerated Fluid Surges......Page 568 Suggested Reading......Page 569 20 Smooth Operations......Page 574 20.1 Derrickman's Guidelines......Page 575 20.1.2 Tank and Equipment Arrangements......Page 576 20.1.3 Shale Shakers......Page 577 20.1.5 Sand Trap......Page 579 20.1.6 Degasser......Page 580 20.1.7 Hydrocyclones......Page 581 20.1.8 Hydrocyclone Troubleshooting......Page 584 20.1.9 Mud Cleaners......Page 585 20.1.10 Centrifuges......Page 587 20.1.11 Piping to Materials Additions (Mixing) Section......Page 588 20.2.1 Surface Systems......Page 589 20.2.2 Centrifugal Pumps......Page 599 20.3.1 Well Parameters/Deepwater Considerations......Page 604 20.3.3 Equipment Capability......Page 606 20.3.6 Environmental Issues......Page 607 20.3.7 Economics......Page 608 Appendix......Page 610 A......Page 612 B......Page 616 C......Page 619 D......Page 627 E......Page 632 F......Page 633 G......Page 638 H......Page 640 I......Page 643 J......Page 644 K......Page 645 L......Page 646 M......Page 648 N......Page 653 O......Page 654 P......Page 655 R......Page 660 S......Page 662 T......Page 670 U......Page 672 V......Page 673 W......Page 675 Y......Page 676 Z......Page 677 A......Page 678 C......Page 679 D......Page 680 G......Page 682 I......Page 683 M......Page 684 P......Page 686 R......Page 687 S......Page 688 U......Page 691 W......Page 692 Y......Page 693 Written by the Shale Shaker Committee of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, originally of the American Association of Drilling Engineers, the authors of this book are some of the most well-respected names in the world for drilling. The first edition, Shale Shakers and Drilling Fluid Systems, was only on shale shakers, a very important piece of machinery on a drilling rig that removes drill cuttings. The original book has been much expanded to include many other aspects of drilling solids control, including chapters on drilling fluids, cut-point curves, mud cleaners, and many other pieces of equipment that were not covered in the original book.

· Written by a team of more than 20 of the world's foremost drilling experts, from such companies as Shell, Conoco, Amoco, and BP.
· There has never been a book that pulls together such a vast array of materials and depth of topic coverage in the area of drilling fluids.
· Covers quickly changing technology that updates the drilling engineer on all of the latest equipment, fluids, and techniques.