Electrical and Electronic Principles and Technology, 6th Edition

This practical resource introduces electrical and electronic principles and technology covering theory through detailed examples, enabling students to develop a sound understanding of the knowledge required by technicians in fields such as electrical engineering, electronics and telecommunications. No previous background in engineering is assumed, making this an ideal text for vocational courses at Levels 2 and 3, foundation degrees and introductory courses for undergraduates. Cover......Page 1 Dedication......Page 3 Title......Page 4 Copyright......Page 5 Contents......Page 6 Preface......Page 11 Part 1 Revision of Some Basic Mathematics......Page 14 1.1 Use of calculator and evaluating formulae......Page 16 1.2 Fractions......Page 19 1.3 Percentages......Page 21 1.4 Ratio and proportion......Page 23 1.5 Laws of indices......Page 26 1.6 Brackets......Page 28 1.7 Solving simple equations......Page 29 1.8 Transposing formulae......Page 31 1.9 Solving simultaneous equations......Page 33 2 Further mathematics revision......Page 35 2.1 Radians and degrees......Page 36 2.2 Measurement of angles......Page 37 2.3 Trigonometry revision......Page 38 2.4 Logarithms and exponentials......Page 40 2.5 Straight line graphs......Page 45 2.6 Gradients, intercepts and equation of a graph......Page 47 2.7 Practical straight line graphs......Page 49 2.8 Calculating areas of common shapes......Page 51 Formulae for revision of some basic mathematics......Page 57 Multiple choice questions on chapters 1 and 2......Page 59 Part 2 Basic Electrical and Electronic Engineering Principles......Page 66 3.1 SI units......Page 68 3.2 Charge......Page 69 3.4 Work......Page 70 3.5 Power......Page 71 3.7 Resistance and conductance......Page 72 3.8 Electrical power and energy......Page 73 3.9 Summary of terms, units and their symbols......Page 74 4 An introduction to electric circuits......Page 76 4.1 Electrical/electronic system block diagrams......Page 77 4.3 Electric current and quantity of electricity......Page 78 4.5 Basic electrical measuring instruments......Page 79 4.8 Multiples and sub-multiples......Page 80 4.10 Electrical power and energy......Page 82 4.11 Main effects of electric current......Page 85 4.13 Insulation and the dangers of constant high current flow......Page 86 5.1 Resistor construction......Page 89 5.2 Resistance and resistivity......Page 90 5.3 Temperature coefficient of resistance......Page 92 5.4 Resistor colour coding and ohmic values......Page 94 6 Batteries and alternative sources of energy......Page 98 6.2 Some chemical effects of electricity......Page 99 6.3 The simple cell......Page 100 6.5 E.m.f. and internal resistance of a cell......Page 101 6.6 Primary cells......Page 103 6.7 Secondary cells......Page 104 6.8 Lithium-ion batteries......Page 106 6.11 Fuel cells......Page 109 6.12 Alternative and renewable energy sources......Page 110 6.13 Solar energy......Page 111 Revision Test 1......Page 116 7.1 Series circuits......Page 117 7.2 Potential divider......Page 119 7.3 Parallel networks......Page 120 7.4 Current division......Page 123 7.5 Loading effect......Page 127 7.6 Potentiometers and rheostats......Page 128 7.7 Relative and absolute voltages......Page 130 7.9 Wiring lamps in series and in parallel......Page 132 8 Capacitors and capacitance......Page 135 8.2 Electrostatic field......Page 136 8.4 Capacitance......Page 137 8.5 Capacitors......Page 138 8.7 Permittivity......Page 139 8.8 The parallel plate capacitor......Page 141 8.9 Capacitors connected in parallel and series......Page 142 8.10 Dielectric strength......Page 146 8.11 Energy stored in capacitors......Page 147 8.12 Practical types of capacitor......Page 148 8.13 Supercapacitors......Page 150 8.14 Discharging capacitors......Page 151 9 Magnetic circuits......Page 154 9.1 Introduction to magnetism and magnetic circuits......Page 155 9.2 Magnetic fields......Page 156 9.4 Magnetomotive force and magnetic field strength......Page 157 9.5 Permeability and B–H curves......Page 158 9.6 Reluctance......Page 161 9.7 Composite series magnetic circuits......Page 162 9.8 Comparison between electrical and magnetic quantities......Page 165 9.9 Hysteresis and hysteresis loss......Page 166 Revision Test 2......Page 169 10 Electromagnetism......Page 170 10.1 Magnetic field due to an electric current......Page 171 10.2 Electromagnets......Page 172 10.3 Force on a current-carrying conductor......Page 174 10.5 Principle of operation of a moving-coil instrument......Page 177 10.6 Force on a charge......Page 178 11 Electromagnetic induction......Page 181 11.1 Introduction to electromagnetic induction......Page 182 11.2 Laws of electromagnetic induction......Page 183 11.3 Rotation of a loop in a magnetic field......Page 186 11.4 Inductance......Page 187 11.6 Energy stored......Page 189 11.7 Inductance of a coil......Page 190 11.8 Mutual inductance......Page 192 12 Electrical measuring instruments and measurements......Page 196 12.3 Shunts and multipliers......Page 197 12.5 The ohmmeter......Page 199 12.8 Instrument ‘loading’ effect......Page 200 12.9 The oscilloscope......Page 202 12.10 Virtual test and measuring instruments......Page 207 12.11 Virtual digital storage oscilloscopes......Page 208 12.12 Waveform harmonics......Page 211 12.13 Logarithmic ratios......Page 212 12.15 Wheatstone bridge......Page 215 12.16 D.c. potentiometer......Page 216 12.17 A.c. bridges......Page 217 12.18 Q-meter......Page 218 12.19 Measurement errors......Page 219 13 Semiconductor diodes......Page 224 13.2 Semiconductor materials......Page 225 13.4 The p–n junction......Page 227 13.5 Forward and reverse bias......Page 228 13.6 Semiconductor diodes......Page 231 13.8 Rectification......Page 232 13.9 Zener diodes......Page 233 13.10 Silicon controlled rectifiers......Page 234 13.13 Schottky diodes......Page 235 14 Transistors......Page 239 14.2 Bipolar junction transistors (BJTs)......Page 240 14.3 Transistor action......Page 241 14.4 Leakage current......Page 242 14.7 Bipolar transistor characteristics......Page 243 14.8 Transistor parameters......Page 245 14.10 Typical BJT characteristics and maximum ratings......Page 247 14.11 Field effect transistors......Page 248 14.12 Field effect transistor characteristics......Page 249 14.14 Transistor amplifiers......Page 251 14.15 Load lines......Page 253 Revision Test 3......Page 260 Formulae for basic electrical and electronic principles......Page 261 Part 3 Further Electrical and Electronic Principles......Page 262 15.1 Introduction......Page 264 15.2 Kirchhoff’s laws......Page 265 15.3 The superposition theorem......Page 269 15.4 General d.c. circuit theory......Page 272 15.5 Thévenin’s theorem......Page 274 15.7 Norton’s theorem......Page 279 15.8 Thévenin and Norton equivalent networks......Page 282 15.9 Maximum power transfer theorem......Page 285 16 Alternating voltages and currents......Page 291 16.2 The a.c. generator......Page 292 16.3 Waveforms......Page 293 16.4 A.c. values......Page 294 16.6 The equation of a sinusoidal waveform......Page 298 16.7 Combination of waveforms......Page 300 16.8 Rectification......Page 304 16.9 Smoothing of the rectified output waveform......Page 305 Revision Test 4......Page 308 17 Single-phase series a.c. circuits......Page 309 17.2 Purely inductive a.c. circuit......Page 310 17.3 Purely capacitive a.c. circuit......Page 311 17.4 R–L series a.c. circuit......Page 312 17.5 R–C series a.c. circuit......Page 316 17.6 R–L–C series a.c. circuit......Page 317 17.7 Series resonance......Page 321 17.8 Q-factor......Page 322 17.9 Bandwidth and selectivity......Page 323 17.10 Power in a.c. circuits......Page 324 17.11 Power triangle and power factor......Page 325 18 Single-phase parallel a.c. circuits......Page 331 18.2 R–L parallel a.c. circuit......Page 332 18.3 R–C parallel a.c. circuit......Page 333 18.4 L–C parallel circuit......Page 334 18.5 LR–C parallel a.c. circuit......Page 336 18.6 Parallel resonance and Q-factor......Page 339 18.7 Power factor improvement......Page 343 19.1 Introduction......Page 350 19.3 Low-pass filters......Page 351 19.4 High-pass filters......Page 354 19.5 Band-pass filters......Page 358 19.6 Band-stop filters......Page 359 20 D.c. transients......Page 362 20.2 Charging a capacitor......Page 363 20.4 Transient curves for a C–R circuit......Page 364 20.5 Discharging a capacitor......Page 368 20.7 Current growth in an L–R circuit......Page 370 20.9 Transient curves for an L–R circuit......Page 371 20.10 Current decay in an L–R circuit......Page 373 20.12 The effects of time constant on a rectangular waveform......Page 375 21 Operational amplifiers......Page 379 21.1 Introduction to operational amplifiers......Page 380 21.2 Some op amp parameters......Page 381 21.3 Op amp inverting amplifier......Page 382 21.5 Op amp voltage-follower......Page 385 21.6 Op amp summing amplifier......Page 386 21.7 Op amp voltage comparator......Page 387 21.9 Op amp differential amplifier......Page 388 21.10 Digital to analogue (D/A) conversion......Page 390 21.11 Analogue to digital (A/D) conversion......Page 392 Revision Test 5......Page 395 Formulae for further electrical and electronic principles......Page 396 Part 4 Electrical Power Technology......Page 398 22 Ways of generating electricity – the present and the future......Page 400 22.2 Generating electrical power using coal......Page 401 22.3 Generating electrical power using oil......Page 403 22.4 Generating electrical power using natural gas......Page 404 22.5 Generating electrical power using nuclear energy......Page 405 22.6 Generating electrical power using hydro power......Page 406 22.7 Generating electrical power using pumped storage......Page 407 22.9 Generating electrical power using tidal power......Page 408 22.11 Generating electrical power using solar energy......Page 410 22.12 Harnessing the power of wind, tide and sun on an ‘energy island’ – a future possibility?......Page 411 23 Three-phase systems......Page 414 23.3 Star connection......Page 415 23.4 Delta connection......Page 419 23.5 Power in three-phase systems......Page 420 23.6 Measurement of power in three-phase systems......Page 422 23.8 Advantages of three-phase systems......Page 427 24 Transformers......Page 430 24.2 Transformer principle of operation......Page 431 24.3 Transformer no-load phasor diagram......Page 434 24.4 E.m.f. equation of a transformer......Page 435 24.5 Transformer on-load phasor diagram......Page 437 24.6 Transformer construction......Page 438 24.7 Equivalent circuit of a transformer......Page 439 24.9 Transformer losses and efficiency......Page 441 24.10 Resistance matching......Page 444 24.11 Auto transformers......Page 446 24.13 Three-phase transformers......Page 448 24.14 Current transformers......Page 450 24.15 Voltage transformers......Page 451 Revision Test 6......Page 454 25 D.c. machines......Page 455 25.2 The action of a commutator......Page 456 25.4 Shunt, series and compound windings......Page 457 25.5 E.m.f. generated in an armature winding......Page 458 25.7 Types of d.c. generator and their characteristics......Page 460 25.9 Efficiency of a d.c. generator......Page 464 25.10 D.c. motors......Page 465 25.11 Torque of a d.c. motor......Page 466 25.12 Types of d.c. motor and their characteristics......Page 468 25.13 The efficiency of a d.c. motor......Page 471 25.15 Speed control of d.c. motors......Page 474 25.16 Motor cooling......Page 477 26 Three-phase induction motors......Page 480 26.2 Production of a rotating magnetic field......Page 481 26.3 Synchronous speed......Page 483 26.5 Principle of operation of a three-phase induction motor......Page 484 26.6 Slip......Page 485 26.7 Rotor e.m.f. and frequency......Page 486 26.9 Rotor copper loss......Page 487 26.10 Induction motor losses and efficiency......Page 488 26.11 Torque equation for an induction motor......Page 489 26.12 Induction motor torque–speed characteristics......Page 492 26.14 Advantages of squirrel-cage induction motors......Page 493 26.16 Double cage induction motor......Page 494 26.17 Uses of three-phase induction motors......Page 495 Revision Test 7......Page 498 Formulae for electrical power technology......Page 499 Part 5 Laboratory Experiments......Page 500 27 Some practical laboratory experiments......Page 502 27.1 Ohm’s law......Page 503 27.2 Series–parallel d.c. circuit......Page 504 27.3 Superposition theorem......Page 505 27.4 Thévenin’s theorem......Page 507 27.5 Use of an oscilloscope to measure voltage, frequency and phase......Page 509 27.6 Use of an oscilloscope with a bridge rectifier......Page 510 27.7 Measurement of the inductance of a coil......Page 511 27.8 Series a.c. circuit and resonance......Page 512 27.9 Parallel a.c. circuit and resonance......Page 514 27.10 Charging and discharging a capacitor......Page 516 Answers to Practice Exercises......Page 517 Index......Page 534 Cover -- Dedication -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Part 1 Revision of Some Basic Mathematics -- 1 Some mathematics revision -- 1.1 Use of calculator and evaluating formulae -- 1.2 Fractions -- 1.3 Percentages -- 1.4 Ratio and proportion -- 1.5 Laws of indices -- 1.6 Brackets -- 1.7 Solving simple equations -- 1.8 Transposing formulae -- 1.9 Solving simultaneous equations -- 2 Further mathematics revision -- 2.1 Radians and degrees -- 2.2 Measurement of angles -- 2.3 Trigonometry revision -- 2.4 Logarithms and exponentials -- 2.5 Straight line graphs -- 2.6 Gradients, intercepts and equation of a graph -- 2.7 Practical straight line graphs -- 2.8 Calculating areas of common shapes -- Formulae for revision of some basic mathematics -- Multiple choice questions on chapters 1 and 2 -- Part 2 Basic Electrical and Electronic Engineering Principles -- 3 Units associated with basic electrical quantities -- 3.1 SI units -- 3.2 Charge -- 3.3 Force -- 3.4 Work -- 3.5 Power -- 3.6 Electrical potential and e.m.f. -- 3.7 Resistance and conductance -- 3.8 Electrical power and energy -- 3.9 Summary of terms, units and their symbols -- 4 An introduction to electric circuits -- 4.1 Electrical/electronic system block diagrams -- 4.2 Standard symbols for electrical components -- 4.3 Electric current and quantity of electricity -- 4.4 Potential difference and resistance -- 4.5 Basic electrical measuring instruments -- 4.6 Linear and non-linear devices -- 4.7 Ohm's law -- 4.8 Multiples and sub-multiples -- 4.9 Conductors and insulators -- 4.10 Electrical power and energy -- 4.11 Main effects of electric current -- 4.12 Fuses -- 4.13 Insulation and the dangers of constant high current flow -- 5 Resistance variation -- 5.1 Resistor construction -- 5.2 Resistance and resistivity -- 5.3 Temperature coefficient of resistance