Electronics for Physicists: An Introduction (Undergraduate Lecture Notes in Physics)

"This book provides undergraduate physics majors and students of related sciences with a sound basic understanding of electronics and how it is used, principally in the physical sciences. While today few science students go on to careers that demand an ability to design and build electronic circuits, many will use and rely on electronics. As scientists, they will require an appropriate level of fundamental knowledge that enables them, for example, to understand what electronic equipment is doing, to correctly interpret the measurements obtained, and to appreciate the numerous links between electronics and how it is practiced, and other areas of science. Discussing electronics in the broader context and from the point of view of the scientist, this book is intended for students who are not planning to become electronics specialists. It has been written in a relatively informal, personal style and includes detailed examples, as well as some "outside the box" material to inspire thought and creativity. A selection of relevant exercises is included at the end of each chapter." -- back cover Preface......Page 6 Contents......Page 8 1 The Basics......Page 15 Voltage and Current......Page 16 Simple Devices......Page 17 Resistors in Series......Page 19 Resistors in Parallel......Page 21 Effective Resistance......Page 23 Resistors in Parallel–Notation......Page 24 Solving Circuits with Circuit Reduction......Page 25 Branch and Mesh Currents......Page 28 Example—Using Kirchhoff’s Laws......Page 29 Nodal Analysis......Page 31 The Ideal Current Source......Page 33 The Ground and Common Connections......Page 35 Multiple Sources—The Superposition Theorem......Page 36 Electrical Power......Page 37 Additional Application—The Kelvin-Varley Divider......Page 38 Problems......Page 40 Thevenin and Norton Equivalents......Page 44 Determining the Thevenin and/or Norton Parameters......Page 45 How Is This Used for Circuit Reduction?......Page 47 Equivalent for an Infinite Array of Resistors......Page 48 The Wheatstone Bridge......Page 49 Wheatstone Bridge “Hieroglyphics”......Page 51 The Reciprocity Theorem......Page 52 Example—R-2R Ladder with Sources......Page 53 Delta-Y Conversion......Page 55 The Kelvin Bridge......Page 57 Additional Application—Resistivity of Lamellae......Page 60 Problems......Page 62 References......Page 64 What Is a Linear Device?......Page 65 Some Vocabulary......Page 66 Passive Linear Circuit Elements with Two Leads......Page 67 Idealized Sources......Page 68 RC and L/R Time Constants......Page 69 RC Time Constant Example......Page 71 Capacitors and Inductors with Sinusoidal Sources......Page 72 Superposition and Complex Impedances......Page 74 Series and Parallel Capacitors and Inductors......Page 78 Comments About Complex Arithmetic......Page 79 Solving Circuits Using Complex Impedances......Page 80 A.C. Power......Page 83 Condenser Microphones......Page 85 Problems......Page 86 Real Capacitors and Inductors......Page 90 Measuring Capacitors and Inductors......Page 91 Capacitive Position Sensors......Page 92 A Simple Circuit for Measuring Inductors......Page 93 Switched Capacitor Methods......Page 95 Charging a Capacitor Efficiently......Page 96 Mutual Inductance and Transformers......Page 97 Inductive Position Sensors......Page 100 RLC Circuits......Page 101 Cable Models......Page 104 Cable Impedance......Page 106 Signal Speed in a Cable......Page 107 Impedance of Finite Cables......Page 108 Capacitor and Inductor Labels......Page 110 Duality......Page 111 Problems......Page 112 References......Page 114 The Transform......Page 115 Laplace Transform Example 1......Page 118 Method I......Page 119 Method II......Page 120 Laplace Transform Example 2......Page 122 Laplace Transform Example 3......Page 124 Comment on Partial Fractions......Page 126 Poles and Zeros......Page 127 Problems......Page 128 Semiconductor Diodes......Page 130 Piece-Wise Linear Diode Models......Page 134 An Analytic Model for the Semiconductor Diode......Page 135 The Ideal Diode......Page 136 Half-Wave Rectifier......Page 137 Diode Limiter......Page 138 Diode Clamp and Voltage Doubler......Page 139 Full-Wave Rectifier......Page 141 Graphical Solutions......Page 143 Example Graphical Solution......Page 144 Specialty and Other Diodes......Page 145 Problems......Page 148 Junction Field Effect Transistors......Page 151 Example 1—Determine Circuit Components......Page 154 Example 2—Determine Operating Point......Page 155 The FET A.C. Model......Page 158 FET Amplifier Configurations......Page 161 MOSFETs......Page 164 Additional Application—Dynamic Memory......Page 166 Problems......Page 168 8 Bipolar Junction Transistors......Page 170 BJT D.C. Model......Page 172 BJT A.C. Model......Page 175 Graphical Solutions......Page 176 Single Supply Operation......Page 178 Solutions from Parameters......Page 179 BJT Amplifiers......Page 181 Common Emitter Amplifier Example......Page 184 Common Collector Amplifier Example......Page 186 Using the Saturation Region......Page 188 Problems......Page 191 Miller’s Theorem......Page 193 The Cascode Configuration......Page 195 Complementary Symmetry Amplifier (“Push-Pull”)......Page 196 Differential Amplifier......Page 198 Silicon Controlled Rectifiers (SCR) and Triacs......Page 199 Connecting Amplifiers......Page 201 Impedance Matching......Page 202 Problems......Page 203 Ideal Op-Amp Properties......Page 205 Example 1—Buffer......Page 207 Example 2—Inverting Amplifier......Page 208 Example 4—Difference Amplifier......Page 209 Example 5—Summing Amplifier......Page 210 Example 6—Integrator......Page 211 Example 7—Low-Pass Filter......Page 213 Example 8—Instrumentation Amplifier......Page 215 Example 9—A Capacitive Sensor for Smaller Values of Capacitance......Page 216 Example 10—Negative Resistor......Page 218 Example 11—Constant Current Source......Page 219 Example 12—Non-linear Element in Feedback......Page 220 Example 13—Ideal Diode......Page 221 Example 14—Peak Follower......Page 222 Example 15—Log Amplifier......Page 223 Example 16—Absolute Value Circuit......Page 225 Finite Input Resistance and Gain......Page 226 Small Signals and Drift......Page 229 Oscillations......Page 230 The Transconductance Amplifier......Page 231 Problems......Page 232 References......Page 236 Limited Output Range......Page 237 The Op-Amp Comparator......Page 238 Example 1—Low-Level Warning......Page 240 Example 2—Pulse Generator......Page 241 Example 4—A Voting Circuit......Page 242 Example 6—Zero Crossing Detector......Page 244 Example 7—Pulse Conditioner/Lengthener......Page 245 Automatic Gain Control Amplifier......Page 246 Simple Phase Sensitive Detector......Page 248 Problems......Page 249 Boolean Algebra......Page 252 Useful Rules and Theorems for Boolean Algebra......Page 253 Digital Logic Circuits......Page 255 Example 1—Solving with Boolean Algebra......Page 257 Example 2—Solving with a Truth Table......Page 258 Example 3—Solving Both Ways......Page 259 Equivalent Circuits......Page 261 Gates Versus Logic Functions......Page 262 Decoders and Encoders......Page 263 Flip-Flop Circuits......Page 266 Edge-Triggered Flip-Flops......Page 270 A Directional Electric Eye......Page 271 Shift Register......Page 272 Binary Counter......Page 273 Very Short Pulse Generator......Page 276 Problems......Page 278 Binary Numbers......Page 281 BCD Numbers......Page 282 Other Weighted Binary Codes......Page 283 The 4221 Code......Page 284 2 of 5 Codes......Page 285 Gray Code......Page 286 Bar Codes......Page 287 UPC Codes......Page 288 Binary to Gray Code......Page 290 Decimal to Gray Code......Page 291 BCD to Binary Conversion......Page 292 Binary to BCD Conversion......Page 293 Digital to Analog Conversion......Page 294 The 1-Bit D/A......Page 295 A Summing D/A......Page 296 Voltage to Frequency Conversion......Page 297 Search Schemes......Page 298 Analog to Gray Code Conversion......Page 299 Quantization Noise......Page 300 Reference......Page 301 Two’s Complement Arithmetic......Page 302 A Simple Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)......Page 305 Base-2 Multiplication......Page 308 Some Recursive Computations......Page 310 Compute (1/x)1⁄2......Page 311 Compute x1⁄2......Page 312 Compute K(k)......Page 313 Tri-state Outputs......Page 314 Measuring a Small Capacitance......Page 315 Charlieplexing......Page 318 Problems......Page 319 References......Page 320 Common Unit Prefixes......Page 321 The Basics......Page 322 Outline placeholder......Page 0 How a Fourier Transform Works......Page 324 The Basics......Page 325 Some Complex Identities......Page 327 Index......Page 328