Electronics : From Classical to Quantum

This book gives clear explanations of the technical aspects of electronics engineering from basic classical device formulations to the use of nanotechnology to develop efficient quantum electronic systems. As well as being up to date, this book provides a broader range of topics than found in many other electronics books. This book is written in a clear, accessible style and covers topics in a comprehensive manner. This book’s approach is strongly application-based with key mathematical techniques introduced, helpful examples used to illustrate the design procedures, and case studies provided where appropriate. By including the fundamentals as well as more advanced techniques, the author has produced an up-to-date reference that meets the requirements of electronics and communications students and professional engineers. Features * Discusses formulation and classification of integrated circuits * Develops a hierarchical structure of functional logic blocks to build more complex digital logic circuits * Outlines the structure of transistors (bipolar, JFET, MOSFET or MOS, CMOS), their processing techniques, their arrangement forming logic gates and digital circuits, optimal pass transistor stages of buffered chain, sources and types of noise, and performance of designed circuits under noisy conditions * Explains data conversion processes, choice of the converter types, and inherent errors * Describes electronic properties of nanomaterials, the crystallites’ size reduction effect, and the principles of nanoscale structure fabrication * Outlines the principles of quantum electronics leading to the development of lasers, masers, reversible quantum gates, and circuits and applications of quantum cells and fabrication methods, including self-assembly (__quantum__-dot __cellular automata__) and tunneling (superconducting circuits), and describes quantum error-correction techniques * Problems are provided at the end of each chapter to challenge the reader’s understanding Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Preface Acknowledgment Author Chapter 1 Formulation and Classification of Electronic Devices 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Basic Properties of Semiconductors 1.2.1 Elements of Semiconductor 1.2.2 Classification of ICs 1.3 Design Phase 1.4 Manufacturing Process 1.5 Wafer Fabrication 1.6 Lithography 1.7 Device Formulation 1.7.1 Estimating IC Resistance and Capacitance and Uncertainty of Fabrication 1.7.1.1 Layout Resistance 1.7.1.2 Layout Capacitance 1.7.1.3 Uncertainty of Fabrication 1.8 Summary Questions References Bibliography Chapter 2 Functional Logics 2.1 The Logic of a Switch 2.2 Primitive Logic and Composite Gates 2.2.1 Combinational and Sequential Logic Circuits 2.3 Logic Circuits Design 2.3.1 Design Examples 2.3.2 Binary Counter and Frequency Divider 2.3.3 Encoder and Decoder 2.3.4 Arithmetic Circuits 2.3.5 Review of Binary Arithmetic 2.3.6 Binary Adder Circuits 2.3.7 Ripple-Carry Adder 2.3.8 Binary Subtractor Circuits 2.3.9 Binary Multiplier Circuits 2.3.10 Arithmetic Logic Unit 2.4 Summary Problems Bibliography Chapter 3 Structure of Bipolar Junction Transistor 3.1 Constituents of a Transistor 3.1.1 Field-Effect Transistor 3.1.2 Transistor Forward-Active Mode Operation 3.2 Diode Equation 3.2.1 Light-Emitting Diodes 3.3 Transistor Characteristics 3.3.1 Breakdown Mechanism 3.4 Basic Transistor Applications 3.4.1 Switch 3.4.2 Biasing 3.4.2.1 DC Biasing Analysis 3.4.2.2 AC Analysis 3.5 BJT Small- and Large-Signal Models 3.5.1 Small-Signal Model 3.5.2 Determining Resistances: r[sub(π)], r[sub(e)], and r[sub(0)] 3.5.3 Hybrid-π Model 3.5.3.1 Amplicatfiion Factor 3.5.4 T-Model 3.5.4.1 Impact of Coupling Capacitors 3.5.4.2 Small-Signal Model for Large Frequency 3.5.4.3 Selection of Coupling and Bypass Capacitors 3.5.5 Large-Signal Model 3.5.6 Large-Signal Model in Saturation 3.5.7 Ebers–Moll Model 3.6 Stability Factor 3.7 Power Dissipation and Efficiency 3.8 Time-Base Generator 3.9 Summary Problems References Chapter 4 Operational Amplifiers 4.1 Basic Amplifier Definitions 4.2 Amplifier Gain 4.2.1 Ideal Op-Amp Characteristics 4.2.1.1 Non-Inverting Amplifier 4.2.1.2 Buffer Amplifier 4.2.1.3 Inverting Amplifier 4.2.2 Examples of Inverting Amplifier Circuit Analyses 4.2.3 Voltage and Power Amplifiers 4.2.3.1 Operation Circuit 4.2.4 Summing and Averaging Amplifiers 4.2.5 Comparator Amplifier and Schmitt Trigger 4.2.6 Transfer Function: A Review 4.2.7 Differentiator Amplifier 4.2.8 Integrator Amplifier 4.3 Time-Base Generators 4.3.1 Oscillators and Multivibrators 4.3.1.1 Basic Oscillator 4.3.2 Relaxation Oscillator (or Square Wave Generator) 4.3.3 Monostable Multivibrator 4.3.4 Triangle Wave Generator 4.3.5 Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits 4.3.5.1 Wein Bridge Oscillator 4.3.5.2 Phase-Shift Oscillator 4.3.5.3 Crystal Oscillator 4.3.5.4 Pierce Oscillator 4.3.5.5 Miller Effect 4.4 Summary Problems References Chapter 5 MOS Field-Effect Transistor (MOSFET) Circuits 5.1 Basic Structure of MOSFET 5.2 MOSFET Characteristics 5.3 MOSFET’s Small-Signal and Large-Signal Models 5.3.1 Small-Signal Model for MOSFET 5.3.2 MOSFET Device Capacitances 5.3.3 Large-Signal Model of MOSFET 5.3.4 MOSFET Logic Circuits 5.4 Summary Problems References Bibliography Chapter 6 CMOS Circuits 6.1 Noise 6.2 CMOS Basic Structure 6.2.1 Implementing CMOS Logic Circuits 6.2.1.1 Dynamic Behavior of CMOS Inverter 6.2.1.2 NOR 6.2.1.3 NAND 6.2.1.4 CMOS SR Flip-Flops 6.2.1.5 Ratioed Logic 6.2.1.6 Complex CMOS Logic Circuits 6.2.1.7 Layout of CMOS Logics 6.3 Dynamic CMOS logic 6.3.1 Issues with CMOS as Electronic Switch 6.3.2 Propagation Delay of a Chain of Transmission (Pass) Gates 6.4 Large-Scale Integration and Fabrication of CMOS Transistors 6.5 Summary Problems References Bibliography Chapter 7 Data Conversion Process 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Sampling Theorem 7.3 Quantization Process 7.4 ADC and DAC 7.4.1 A/D Conversion Circuits 7.4.2 Flash or Parallel ADC 7.4.3 The Charge-Redistribution Converter 7.4.3.1 Basic Concept of S/H 7.4.3.2 Charge-Redistribution Successive Approximation 7.4.4 D/A Conversion Techniques 7.5 Summary Problems References Chapter 8 Nanomaterials, Nanoelectronics, and Nanofabrication Technology 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Nanomaterials 8.3 Nanoelectronics 8.4 Nanofabrication 8.5 Summary Problems References Chapter 9 Elements of Quantum Electronics 9.1 Introduction to Basic Quantum Principles 9.1.1 What is a Qubit? 9.1.2 What is Quantum Coherence? 9.2 Associated Operators of Spins and Angular Momentum: An Overview 9.2.1 Axioms and Vector Spaces 9.2.2 Product Spaces 9.2.3 Qubits in State Space 9.3 Quantum Electronics: What is it? 9.4 Quantum Gates and Circuits 9.4.1 Elementary Quantum Logic Gates 9.4.1.1 Buffer and NOT Gates 9.4.1.2 XOR Gates (CNOT or C-NOT Gates) 9.4.1.3 OR, AND, and NAND Gates 9.4.2 Quantum Circuits 9.4.2.1 Adders 9.4.2.2 Quantum Comparator Circuits 9.4.2.3 Quantum Multiplier Circuits 9.4.3 Quantum Error-Correction Scheme 9.4.3.1 But How Do We Describe a Quantum Error? 9.4.4 Quantum Cryptography 9.4.4.1 How Do We Exchange Cryptographic Keys? 9.5 Fabrication of Quantum Gates 9.5.1 Tunnel Junctions 9.5.2 Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata 9.5.2.1 QCA Basics 9.5.2.2 QCA Gates 9.5.2.3 QCA Circuits 9.5.2.4 Fabrication of QCA Circuits 9.6 Summary Problems References Appendix A: Notations Appendix B: Glossary of Terms Index This book gives clear explanations of the technical aspects of electronics engineering from basic classical device formulations to the use of nanotechnology to develop efficient quantum electronic systems. As well as being up to date, this book provides a broader range of topics than found in many other electronics books. This book is written in a clear, accessible style and covers topics in a comprehensive manner. This book’s approach is strongly application-based with key mathematical techniques introduced, helpful examples used to illustrate the design procedures, and case studies provided where appropriate. By including the fundamentals as well as more advanced techniques, the author has produced an up-to-date reference that meets the requirements of electronics and communications students and professional engineers. Features Discusses formulation and classification of integrated circuits Develops a hierarchical structure of functional logic blocks to build more complex digital logic circuits Outlines the structure of transistors (bipolar, JFET, MOSFET or MOS, CMOS), their processing techniques, their arrangement forming logic gates and digital circuits, optimal pass transistor stages of buffered chain, sources and types of noise, and performance of designed circuits under noisy conditions Explains data conversion processes, choice of the converter types, and inherent errors Describes electronic properties of nanomaterials, the crystallites’ size reduction effect, and the principles of nanoscale structure fabrication Outlines the principles of quantum electronics leading to the development of lasers, masers, reversible quantum gates, and circuits and applications of quantum cells and fabrication methods, including self-assembly ( quantum -dot cellular automata ) and tunneling (superconducting circuits), and describes quantum error-correction techniques Problems are provided at the end of each chapter to challenge the reader’s understanding "This book discusses formulation and classification of integrated circuits, develops hierarchical structure of functional logic blocks to build more complex digital logic circuits, outlines the structure of transistors, their processing techniques, their arrangement forming logic gates and digital circuits, optimal pass transistor stages of buffered chain, and performance of designed circuits under noisy conditions. It also outlines the principles of quantum electronics leading to the development of lasers, masers, reversible quantum gates and circuits and applications of quantum cells"-- Provided by publisher This book gives clear explanations of the very technical aspects of electronics engineering from basic classical device formulations to the use of nanotechnology to develop efficient quantum electronic systems. As well as being up-to-date, this book provides a broader range of topics than found in many other electronics' books. This book discusses the Internet of Things (IoT) and Data Analytics from a technical, application, and business point of view. It describes essential technical knowledge, building blocks, processes, design principles, and implementation of big data tools and machine learning techniques and applications for IoT projects.