Electrotherapy E-Book : Electrotherapy E-Book

With a new editor at the helm, Electrotherapy: Evidence-Based Practice (formerly Clayton's Electrotherapy) is back in its 12th edition, continuing to uphold the standard of clinical research and evidence base for which it has become renowned. This popular textbook comprehensively covers the use of electrotherapy in clinical practice and includes the theory which underpins that practice. Over recent years the range of therapeutic agents involved and the scope for their use have greatly increased and the new edition includes and evaluates the latest evidence and most recent developments in this fast-growing field. Tim Watson brings years of clinical, research and teaching experience to the new edition, with a host of new contributors, all leaders in their specialty. Evidence, evidence, evidence! Contributions from field leaders New clinical reasoning model to inform decision making All chapters completely revised New layout, breaking up what is sometimes a difficult subject into manageable chunks Part of the Physiotherapy Essentials series - core textbooks for both students and lecturers Online image bank now available! Log on to http: //(http://evolve.elsevier.com/Watson/electrotherapy) evolve.elsevier.com/Watson/electrothe... and type in your unique pincode for access to over 170 downloadable images Front cover Electrotherapy: evidence-based practice Copyright page Contents Preface Acknowledgements Contributors SECTION 1: Introduction and scientific concepts Chapter 1 Introduction: current concepts and clinical decision making in electrotherapy INTRODUCTION CURRENT CONCEPTS IN ELECTROTHERAPY MODELS OF ELECTROTHERAPY ELECTROTHERAPEUTIC WINDOWS CLINICAL DECISION MAKING IN ELECTROTHERAPY CONCLUSION REFERENCES Chapter 2 Electrophysical and thermal principles INTRODUCTION WAVE MOTION ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM MECHANICAL WAVES HEAT AND TEMPERATURE Chapter 3 Electrical properties of tissues INTRODUCTION THE BODY BIOELECTRIC THE ELECTRIC CELL TISSUE BATTERIES DIRECT CURRENT (DC) CONTROL THEORY LOCAL INJURY CURRENT AND WHOLE BODY BIOELECTRIC INTERACTION BIOELECTRIC CHANGES FOLLOWING INJURY AND DURING REPAIR BIOELECTRICITY AND ELECTROTHERAPY SUMMARY REFERENCES Chapter 4 Tissue repair INTRODUCTION THE PRINCIPLES OF TISSUE HEALING REPAIR OF SPECIALISED TISSUES ABNORMAL TISSUE REPAIR REFERENCES Chapter 5 Sensory and motor nerve activation INTRODUCTION MOTOR NEURON TO MUSCLE ACTIVATION MUSCLES: BASIC CHARACTERISTICS, CLASSIFICATION AND THE INFLUENCE OF THE MOTOR NEURON AFFERENT INPUT TO THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM SENSORY RECEPTORS REFERENCES Chapter 6 Physiology of pain INTRODUCTION PERIPHERAL ASPECTS CENTRAL ASPECTS MODULATION OF PAIN TRANSMISSION SENSITIZATION CHRONIC PAIN COMPLEX REGIONAL PAIN SYNDROME PAIN STATES REFERRED PAIN PHANTOM LIMB PAIN REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHY Chapter 7 Thermal effects INTRODUCTION THERMAL HOMOEOSTASIS BODY TEMPERATURE PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF THERMAL CHANGES REFERENCES Chapter 8 Low-energy treatments: non-thermal or microthermal? INTRODUCTION INTERACTIVE TARGETS THE EFFECT OF DOSAGE CONCLUSION REFERENCES SECTION 2: Thermal and non-thermal modalities Chapter 9 Heat and cold application INTRODUCTION CRYOTHERAPY (THERAPEUTIC COLD) HEAT (CONTACT AND RADIANT) REFERENCES Chapter 10 Pulsed and continuous shortwave therapy INTRODUCTION DEVELOPMENT OF SHORTWAVE THERAPY SHORTWAVE THERAPY GENERATORS PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS METHODS OF COUPLING SHORTWAVE THERAPY TO THE TISSUES HEAT PRODUCTION WITH SHORTWAVE THERAPY MECHANISMS OF ACTION THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS OF SHORTWAVE THERAPIES OTHER CLINICAL PROBLEMS CLINICAL DECISION MAKING WITH SHORTWAVE THERAPY THE USE OF THERMAL SENSATION FOR ASSESSING SHORTWAVE THERAPY DOSE SAFETY WITH SHORTWAVE THERAPY CONTRAINDICATIONS AND PRECAUTIONS CONCLUSION REFERENCES Chapter 11 Low-intensity laser therapy BRIEF HISTORY DEFINITIONS AND NOMENCLATURE PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES LASER–TISSUE INTERACTION PRINCIPLES OF CLINICAL APPLICATION KEY POINTS ON LASER TREATMENT OF SOME SELECTED CONDITIONS HAZARDS REFERENCES Chapter 12 Therapeutic ultrasound INTRODUCTION BEHAVIOUR OF ULTRASOUND EFFECTS OF ULTRASOUND TISSUE REPAIR ULTRASOUND AND SPECIFIC TISSUE REPAIR ULTRASOUND APPLICATION SUMMARY REFERENCES SECTION 3: Electrical stimulation modalities Chapter 13 Introduction to low-frequency currents INTRODUCTION STIMULATION OF A NERVE USING ELECTRICAL CURRENTS STIMULATION PARAMETERS OF LOW-FREQUENCY CURRENTS ELECTRODES CHOICE OF STIMULATION PARAMETERS PRINCIPLES OF CLINICAL APPLICATION SUMMARY REFERENCES Chapter 14 Neuromuscular electrical stimulation: nerve-muscle interaction INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT CENTRAL MOTOR PATHWAY CONDUCTIVITY AND INFLUENCES OF DESCENDING NERVE PATHWAYS ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY OF MUSCLES: SURFACE ELECTROMYOGRAPHY RECORDINGS FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF CHANGES IN ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURE EFFECTS OF IMMOBILIZATION TRAINING SKELETAL MUSCLE: EXERCISE AND ELECTRICAL STIMULATION LOW-FREQUENCY ELECTRICAL STIMULATION LONG-TERM (CHRONIC) ELECTRICAL STIMULATION OF SKELETAL MUSCLE SHORT-TERM ELECTRICAL STIMULATION SUMMARY REFERENCES Chapter 15 Neuromuscular and muscular electrical stimulation INTRODUCTION TYPES OF UNIT NOMENCLATURE AND TYPES OF ELECTRICAL STIMULATION IN NERVE AND MUSCLE EVIDENCE OF CLINICAL EFFICACY PRACTICAL APPLICATION MOTOR RECOVERY FOLLOWING NEUROLOGICAL DAMAGE CONTRAINDICATIONS AND HAZARDS CONCLUSION REFERENCES Chapter 16 Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) INTRODUCTION HISTORY DEFINITION PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES PRINCIPLES UNDERLYING APPLICATION KNOWN BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS KNOWN EFFICACY: THE CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS OF TENS SUMMARY REFERENCES Chapter 17 Interferential current INTRODUCTION PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES OF INTERFERENTIAL CURRENT FOUR-ELECTRODE AND TWO-ELECTRODE APPLICATION THEORETICAL MECHANISMS OF INTERFERENTIAL CURRENT EVIDENCE FOR THE EFFECTS OF INTERFERENTIAL CURRENT OVERALL CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES Chapter 18 Functional electrical stimulation INTRODUCTION LOWER LIMB STIMULATION UPPER LIMB ASSIST CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES FURTHER READING AND INFORMATION SOURCES WEB ADDRESS FOR EXAMPLES OF SUPPLIERS OF FES EQUIPMENT CITED IN THE TEXT Chapter 19 Electrical stimulation for enhanced wound healing INTRODUCTION PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC WOUNDS REVIEWS ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY IN THE SKIN RELATED TO WOUNDS AND HEALING POSSIBLE MECHANISMS CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS REFERENCES SECTION 4: Ultrasound imaging Chapter 20 Musculoskeletal ultrasound imaging INTRODUCTION HISTORY PRINCIPLES IMAGING APPLICATIONS LIMITATIONS OF ULTRASOUND SAFETY CONCLUSION REFERENCES SECTION 5: Contraindications, dangers and precautions Chapter 21 Guidance for the clinical use of electrophysical agents 2006 SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION SECTION 2: SCOPE OF PRACTICE, CONSENT AND MONITORING SECTION 3: RELATIONSHIPS WITH AND ADVICE TO THIRD PARTIES SECTION 4: MAINTENANCE ISSUES SECTION 5: COMPETENCE TO PRACTISE SECTION 6: CONTRAINDICATIONS, PRECAUTIONS, SAFETY AND APPLICATION ISSUES SECTION 7: AGENTS SECTION 8: NOVEL AGENTS AND EQUIPMENT SECTION 9: BIBLIOGRAPHY SECTION 10: APPENDIX 1: INFORMATION SHEET: ELECTROPHYSICAL AGENTS TREATMENT RECORD OF UNEXPECTED EFFECTS Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Z Covers the use of electrotherapy in clinical practice and includes the theory which underpins that practice. This book deals with the principles of electrotherapy. It highlights contraindications for each modality. It is suitable for those students wanting to underpin the theory behind electrotherapy.