Elements of spatial structures : analysis and design

This excellent text highlights all aspects of the analysis and design of elements related to spatial structures, which have been carefully selected from existing structures. Analysing the design of elements of any full scale structure that contains facilities that have already been constructed makes good economic sense and avoids duplication in respect of research and development, the decision-making process and accurate design criteria for new constructed facilities. Half Title 1 Title Page 3 Contents 5 Preface 12 Acknowledgements 14 Conversion Tables 16 1.1 An Introduction to Loads 19 1.2 Dead Loading 20 1.3 Imposed Loading 20 1.4 Dynamic Loads for Dancing and Jumping 20 1.5 Statistical Data on Loads on Constructed Facilities 26 1.6 Internal Pressure Coefficient 33 1.7 Snow Loading on Spatial Structures 38 1.8 Earthquake or Seismic Loads on Spatial Structures 44 1.9 The World’s Earthquake Countries 45 2.1 Material Properties of Concrete 54 2.2 Characteristic Strain and Other Properties of Reinforcing Bars 59 2.3 Welded Wire Fabric 65 2.4 Prestressing Steel 65 2.5 Material Properties of Structural Steels 68 2.6 Material Properties of Aluminium Structures 69 2.7 Timber/Wood Material Properties 71 2.8 Mechanical Properties of Glass 78 2.9 Material Properties of Plastics, Fibres and Fabrics 82 References and Bibliography 93 3.1 Introduction 98 3.2 Tall Buildings under Seismic Effects 98 3.3 Finite Element Analysis of a 55-Storey Building 115 4.1 Methods of Analysis 120 4.2 Classical Method 120 4.3 Summary of Design Procedure 141 4.4 Flexibility Method 143 4.5 Stiffness Method 148 4.6 Finite Element Method 158 Appendix 4,1 Charts I-VIII 164 5.1 Classification of Spatial Structures 173 5.2 Single-Layered Grid System 174 5.3 Double-Layered Grid System 174 5.4 Stressed Skin System 177 5.5 Spatial Network for Tube Member Structures 183 5.6 Difference Equation System of Spatial Grids 188 5.7 Equilibrium Equation of Grids Using a Direct Connecting System 189 5.8 Comparison of Continuum and Finite Element Methods 192 Case Study 1 (A) 195 Case Study 1(A) 197 Case Study 1(B) 199 Case Study 2 (Numerical Example) 202 Case Study 3 203 Case Study 4 206 Case Study 5 209 Case Study 6 210 Case Study 7 211 Case Study 8 212 Case Study 9 214 Case Study 10 214 Case Study 11 217 Case Study 12 219 Case Study 13 220 Case Study 14 221 Case Study 15 222 Case Study 16 224 Numerical Example 1 225 Numerical Example 2 226 Numerical Example 3 227 Numerical Example 4 227 Numerical Example 5 229 Numerical Example 6 230 Numerical Example 7 231 Numerical Example 8 233 References and Bibliography 235 6.1 Characteristics of Shell-Shaped Structures 252 6.2 Generalized Analysis of Thin Shell Surfaces 255 6.3 Cylindrical Shell Surfaces 263 6.4 Membrane Solution of Domical Surfaces 270 6.5 Hyperbolic Paraboloid-Shaped Structures 311 6.6 Catenary Type Space Structures 354 6.7 Cycloidal Shaped Elements of Spatial Structures 360 6.8 Folded Plates 371 6.9 Case Study 375 References and Bibliography 390 7.1 General Introduction 396 7.2 Cable-Suspended Structures 400 7.3 Pneumatic Structures 406 7.4 Tensegritic Structures 410 7.5 Net and Tent Structures 417 7.6 Calculations 419 7.7 Classification of Connectors 441 7.8 Finite Element Analysis of Tensile Membrane Structures 444 7.9 Glazing Materials and Specifications in Spatial Structures 466 7.10 Safety of Glazing 472 7.11 Blast Design for Glazing 479 7.12 Glass under explosion 488 7.13 Conclusion 491 References and Bibliography 492 8.1 Flexibility Method of Analysis 505 8.2 Stiffness or Displacement Method: Beams in Spatial Structures 530 8.3 Spatial Structures 533 8.4 Method of Tension Coefficients 544 8.5 Pin-connected Schwedler Dome Using Tension Coefficients 568 8.6 General Formulae for Supporting Frames 572 References and Bibliography 580 AI Dynamic Analysis of Shear Walls 587 SAI Relevant Computer Programs for Finite Element Analysis 606 SAI.1 Subroutines for Finite Element Formulation 607 SAI.2 Subroutine CRACKD 617 SAI.3 Subroutine Ottoson Model 623 SAI.4 Program: Mesh Generation Associated with Finite Element Program ISOPAR (including case studies for gridwork and fabric structures) 626 SAI.5 U.L.F. Wickstrom Program on Thermal Analysis 638 SAI.6 Program: Design of Single Bolted Joint 649 SAI.7 Program: Design of a Weld 651 SAI.8 Program: Collapse of Frames 654 SAI.9 Program: Analysis of Pin- Jointed Trusses/Frames Using the Flexibility Method 660 Content: Preface Acknowledgements Conversion Tables - I Conversion Tables - II Section I: Loads and Material Properties of Spatial Structures Section II: Tall Building Frames, Shear Walls and Latticed/Grid Roof Structures Sheer walls: analysis and design Lattice stressed skin and space grid system for roof structures Section III: Shell-Shaped Spatial Structures Section IV: Cable-suspended, Glass and Fabric, Net and Tensegritic Structure Section V: Methods for Analysis for Supporting Structures References and Bibliography Appendices Points out aspects of the analysis and design of elements related to spatial structures, which have been selected from existing structures. This text is divided into five sections each reinforced with case studies and finite elements methods with loads and materials explained. It includes computer subroutines, seismic and explosion analysis. A review of the development of object oriented modelling and of the competitive advantages and pitfalls. This work reports on the computer visualisation for use in project design and planning, and examines the process of using a computer to manage the interaction between professional consultants and the project. This authoritative text concentrates on the derivation of simple but reasonably accurate mathematical solutions, and the actual presentation of closed-form results for quantities that are of interest to the designer of shell structures Explains the fundamental theory needed to understand the behaviour and analysis of a wide range of shell structures within the industry. This book provides explanations of both the membrane and bending theories of shells.