Energy Conversion: Methods, Technology and Future Directions

This edited book is intended to serve as a resource for engineers, researchers, scientists and experts wishing to become familiar with energy conversion technologies. This edited volume contains thirteen selected chapters that deal with cutting-edge studies on energy conversion and storage technologies. A comprehensive collection of relevant topics on the subject area has been produced in this edited book. Readers are expected to find all the chapters inspiring and very useful while doing their research in the subject area. Contents 7 Preface 9 Acknowledgments 13 List of Reviewers 15 Chapter 1 17 Photovoltaic Generators: Development, Simulation and Perspectives 17 Abstract 17 Introduction 17 Principle of Photo-Electric Conversion 18 Photovoltaic Conversion 20 Different Photovoltaic Technologies 24 Crystalline Silicon-Based Photovoltaic Modules 24 High Efficiency Multi-Junction Cells 27 New Photovoltaic Technologies 29 Thin Film Technology 31 Thin Film Silicon 31 Non-Silicon Materials 33 Thin Film Multi-Junctions 35 Fundamental and Technological Losses in GPV 39 Current Architecture of Commercial GPV 41 Fill Factor of GPV 42 Modeling and Simulation of GPV 43 Ideal Model 43 Two Parameter Models 44 Five Parameter Models 46 Two Diode Models 48 Empirical SNL Model 50 Thermal Model of GPV 52 Conclusion 56 References 57 Chapter 2 61 Performance Analysis of Solar Energy Conversion Technology 61 Abstract 61 Nomenclature 62 Introduction 64 Solar Thermal System 65 Non-Concentrating Collectors 66 Flat Plate Collector (FPC) 66 Evacuated Tube Collector (ETC) 67 Concentrating Collectors 68 Linear Fresnel Reflector (LFR) 68 Parabolic Trough Collector (PTC) 68 Compound Parabolic Collector (CPC) 70 Central Receiver (CR) 70 Parabolic Dish Collector (PDC) 71 Photovoltaic System 71 Hybrid Solar System 73 PV Air Collector 73 System Description 75 Thermal Modeling 76 Opaque Type Photovoltaic-Thermoelectric Cooler with Air Duct 77 PV Module of Opaque Type 77 Tedlar 78 TEC 78 Duct 78 Result and Discussion 81 Conclusion 84 Appendix 84 References 85 Chapter 3 89 An Extended Study of Frequency-Supported Wind Energy Conversion Systems 89 Abstract 89 Nomenclature 90 Introduction 91 Literature Review 93 Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) 95 Dynamics of WTG 96 Operating Regions and MPPT Used for WECS 97 Tip-Speed-Ratio (TSR) Algorithm 99 Result and Discussion 101 Scenario 1 102 Scenario 2 104 Conclusion 106 Acknowledgments 106 References 107 Chapter 4 111 RERNN-BCMO-Based Load Frequency Control in Multi-Area Power Systems Using Hybrid Renewable Energy Sources 111 Abstract 111 Introduction 112 Multi-Area Power System for LFC 113 Problem Formulation 117 Proposed Approach 118 Recalling-Enhanced Recurrent Neural Network (RERNN) 118 Step 1: Initialization 120 Step 2: Random Generation 120 Step 3: Fitness Function 120 Step 4: Check the Iteration 121 Step 5: Find the Learning Rate 121 Step 6: Calculation of New Weight 121 Step 7: Calculate the Direction 121 Step 8: Termination 121 Processing Steps of Balancing Composite Motion Optimization (BCMO) 121 Step 1: Initialization 122 Step 2: Random Generation 122 Step 3: Fitness Function 122 Step 4: Finding Instant Global Point 122 Step 5: Selection 123 Step 6: Updation 123 Step 7: Termination 123 Result and Discussion 123 Conclusion 130 References 130 Chapter 5 133 A Review on State-of-the-Art Wind Energy Conversion Systems and Associated Control Strategies for Normal and Fault Conditions 133 Abstract 133 Introduction 134 State-of-the-Art WECS 135 WECS Control Aspects 137 DFIG-Based WECS Control 141 PMSG-Based WECS Control 143 SCIG-Based WECS and Associated Controls 147 Fault Ride-Through (FRT) 148 DFIG-Based WECS with Partially Rated Converters 149 Variable Speed WECS with Fully Rated Converters 151 Findings and Research Gaps 153 Conclusion 156 References 156 Chapter 6 167 Simulation and Analysis of Three-Phase and Five-Phase Variable Speed PMSMs under Open Phase Fault Conditions 167 Abstract 167 Introduction 168 Simulation of Three-Phase PMSM 169 Analysis of Three-Phase PMSM 172 Simulation of Five-Phase PMSM 174 Analysis of Five-Phase PMSM 176 Conclusion 178 References 179 Chapter 7 181 Investigation and Mitigation of Distribution-Side Power Quality Issues 181 Abstract 181 Introduction 182 Classification of Power Quality Problems 183 Power Quality Standards 187 Proposed Solutions to Power Quality Problems 188 Power Quality Enhancement 194 Active Power Filters for Mitigation of Distribution-Side Power Quality Problems 194 Waveform Compensation 197 Filter Based Method 197 Heterodyne Method 199 Pattern Learning and Identification 200 Instantaneous Power Compensation 201 Artificial Intelligence Based Control Algorithm 201 Light Flicker Mitigation through STATCOM 202 Conclusion 202 References 203 Chapter 8 209 Enhancement of Power Quality in Microgrid Using Optimized PV-Based DSTATCOM 209 Abstract 209 Introduction 210 System Modeling 211 DSTATCOM 212 PV Cell 213 Control Technique Used 214 Optimization Technique Used 215 Particle Swarm Optimization 216 Dragonfly Algorithm 216 Simulation and Result 218 Case A: Role of DSTATCOM in Mitigation of Harmonics and Maintaining the Power Quality 219 Case B: Role of DSTATCOM in Maintaining Voltage Profile 222 Conclusion 224 Appendix 224 References 225 Chapter 9 227 Role of Machine Learning in Forecasting Solar and Wind Power Generation 227 Abstract 227 Introduction 228 Machine Learning 229 Overview 230 Classification 230 Regression 230 Time Series Forecasting 231 Time Series Forecasting Framework 232 Solar PV Power Forecasting 234 Integration Challenges and Importance of Solar PV Power Forecasting 234 Machine Learning-Based Solar PV Power Prediction 236 Wind Power Forecasting 239 Integration Challenges and Importance of Wind Power Forecasting 239 Machine Learning Based Wind Power Prediction 242 Power Generation Forecasting Horizons 244 Forecasting Horizons 244 Very-Short-Term Forecasting 244 Short-Term Forecasting 245 Medium-Term Forecasting 245 Long-Term Forecasting 245 Very-Long-Term Forecasting 245 Forecasting Methodologies 246 Physical Method 246 Statistical Method 246 Hybrid Method 246 Demonstration of Forecasting Framework 246 Data Visualization 246 Testing Stationary 247 Grid Search 248 Validating Model Predictions 249 Result and Discussion 249 Conclusion 253 References 254 Chapter 10 259 Technological and Communicational Advancements in the Energy Grid: A Review 259 Abstract 259 Introduction 260 Technological Advancement and Energy Grid System 261 Communicational Advancements in Energy Grid System 273 Conclusion 277 References 278 Chapter 11 285 Renewable Energy and Energy Storage Systems 285 Abstract 285 Introduction 286 Renewable Energy and Its Prospects 287 Energy Storage Systems 291 Roles of Energy Storage (ES) Technologies 292 Critical Parameters of an Energy Storage Device 293 Classification of Electrical Energy Storage Technology 294 Benefits of Energy Storage System 297 Key Grid Energy Storage Technologies 297 Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) 298 Applications of Energy Storage System 301 Discussion 301 Conclusion 302 References 302 Chapter 12 307 Review of Energy Storage System Technologies in Microgrid Applications: Characteristics, Issues and Challenges 307 Abstract 307 Introduction 308 Status, Characteristics and Applications of Energy Storage Systems 309 Energy Storage Technologies 311 Mechanical Storage 312 Pumped Hydroelectric Energy Storage 312 Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) 313 Flywheel Energy Storage System (FESS) 314 Electrochemical/Battery Energy Storage (BES) 315 Super-Capacitor (SC)/Ultra-Capacitor (UC) 317 Electromagnetic/Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) 318 Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) 321 Conclusion 323 References 323 Chapter 13 329 Determination of Optimal Size for Battery Energy Storage System in Distribution Networks 329 Abstract 329 Introduction 330 Overview of Battery Energy Storage System 332 BESS Simulation 334 Problem Formulation 335 Objective Functions 335 Constraints 336 Equality Constraints 336 Power Balance 336 BESS Charging 336 BESS Discharging 337 Charge Balance 337 Inequality Constraints 337 Voltage 337 Operation Constraints of the Battery 337 Optimal Size of BESS 338 Result and Discussion 340 Conclusion 344 References 345 About the Editors 349 Index 351 Blank Page 2