Engineered Bone (Tissue Engineering Intelligence Unit) (Tissue Engineering Intelligence Unit)

This is the 3rd in a series of reviews, centered on a single major topic of bone replacement (Vol. 1 Bone Formation, Vol. 2 Bone Resorption) written by acknowledged authorities in the field. The biology of stem cells and cell signals, knowledge needed to make stem cell engineered, bone tissue a reality and how to prevent bone allograft infection is discussed. Furthermore, non-degradable and biodegradable scaffolds, necessary implants to attract bone cells and build suitable bone replacements follow. Other topics are motion and bone degeneration analysis and effect of mechanical factors on bone healing, implants and their role in reparative dentistry and the application of computational modeling to prosthesis design. This text will interest bioengineers, orthopedists, reconstructive surgeons, dentists, physiotherapists and all working in the fields of skeletal and dental tissue engineering and rehabilitation, as well as basic bone scientists interested in translational research. The science of bone replacement has greatly advanced in recent decades, but replacing bone with bone tissue rather than with metallic components remains in early development. The current volume, third in the series Topics in Bone Biology, deals with problems inherent in inducing the body cells to accomplish bone tissue repair, to degrade devices introduced to provide initial mechanical support, and to attract and stimulate bone f- mation. It is therefore logical that Chapter 1, by Hicok and Hedrick, deals with stem cells, i. e., pluripotential cells that may differentiate into cartilage and bone cells. The chapter begins with a description of how stem cells may be harvested; the limitations of autologous, embryonic, and adult stem cells; and the need to expand the harvested cells in culture. The authors then discuss the in? uences of the body environment on implanted cells and on the scaffolds that need to be introduced. They emphasize the need for adequate oxygenation and for rapid integration with the vascular system of the host/patient. Stem-cell-engineered cartilage is discussed at some length, along with the need for stem-cell-engineered ligaments and tendons. The chapter concludes with an analysis of what needs to be learned to make stem-cell-engineered bone tissue a reality. In Chapter 2, Gerstenfeld and colleagues review osteogenic growth factors and cytokines, soluble proteins that regulate postnatal bone repair. These molecules are of importance because many are targets of efforts to promote therapeutic bone healing and repair. Cover Page 1 Title Page 2 ISBN 1587061570 3 Dedication 4 CONTENTS 5 Part I Building Blocks of Osteogenesis 5 Part II Bone Healing 6 Part III Tissue Engineering of Bone 7 Part IV From the Bench to the Bedside 8 EDITORS 9 CONTRIBUTORS 9 PREFACE 13 Part I - Building Blocks of Osteogenesis 14 CHAPTER 1 Transcription Factors in Bone: Developmental and Pathological Aspects 16 CHAPTER 2 Skeletal Stem Cells 26 CHAPTER 3 Bone Morphogenetic Proteins and Tissue Engineering of Bone 35 CHAPTER 4 Mechanobiology of Bone 41 Part II - Bone Healing 56 CHAPTER 5 Bone Healing and Failure 58 CHAPTER 6 Calcium Phosphate Bioceramics: An Alternative to Autograft and Allograft? 73 CHAPTER 7 Mechanical Modulation of Fracture Healing and Implications for Skeletal Tissue Engineering 85 CHAPTER 8 Experimental Animal Models for Tissue-Engineered Bone Regeneration 102 Part III - Tissue Engineering of Bone 118 CHAPTER 9 Delivery of Osteogenic Regulatory Growth Factors 120 CHAPTER 10 Gene Therapy for the Enhancement of Fracture Healing 139 CHAPTER 11 Cell Therapy for the Enhancement of Bone Repair 166 CHAPTER 12 Repair of Osteochondral Lesions 178 CHAPTER 13 Maxillofacial Bone Regeneration Using Tissue Engineering Concepts 196 CHAPTER 14 Clinical Evaluation of BMPs and Bone Marrow Stromal Cells in Orthopedic Surgery 208 Part IV - From the Bench to the Bedside 216 CHAPTER 15 Regulatory Issues: Down to the Bare Bones 218 Index 234 Back Page 239 This volume, the third in the series Topics in Bone Biology, discusses current knowledge of bone replacement. It is designed to integrate biological and engineering knowledge. The biology of stem cells and cell signals, knowledge needed to make stem cell engineered bone tissue a reality and how to prevent bone allograft infection is discussed. In addition, non-degradable and biodegradable scaffolds, necessary implants to attract bone cells and to build suitable bone replacements follows. Other topics include motion and bone degeneration analysis and how mechanical factors affect bone healing, implants and how they have become a major tool in reparative dentistry and the application of computational modeling to prosthesis design. Written by acknowledged authorities in their fields, this volume, like the others in the series, has extensive lists of references, many illustrations and tables. The book is of interest to bioengineers, orthopedists, reconstructive surgeons, dentists, physiotherapists and all who work in the fields of skeletal and dental tissue engineering and rehabilitation, as well as basic bone scientists interested in translational research Stem Cells And The Art Of Mesenchymal Maintenance / Kevin C. Hicok And Marc H. Hedrick -- Osteogenic Growth Factors And Cytokines And Their Role In Bone Repair / Louis C. Gerstenfeld [and Others] -- Bone Allograft Safety And Performance / Calin S. Moucha [and Others] -- Biodegradable Orthopedic Implants / Hansoo Park, Johnna S. Temenoff, And Antonios G. Mikos -- Titanium Fiber Mesh: A Nondegradable Scaffold Material / Juliette Van Den Dolder And John A. Jansen -- Engineering Polymeric Scaffolds For Bone Grafts / Martha W. Betz, Diana M. Yoon, And John P. Fisher -- Injectable Scaffolds For Bone And Cartilage Regeneration / Claudio Migliaresi, Antonella Motta, And Anthony T. Dibenedetto -- Motion And Bone Regeneration / Ching-chang Ko, Martha J. Somerman, And Kai-nan An -- Dental Applications Of Bone Biology / Thomas W. Oates And David L. Cochran -- Multiscale Computational Engineering Of Bones: State-of-the-art Insights For The Future / Melissa L. Knothe Tate. Felix Bronner, Mary C. Farach-carson And Antonios G. Mikos (eds.). Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Focusing on bone replacement, this volume discusses the biology of stem cells and cell signals, knowledge needed to make stem cell engineered, bone tissue a reality and how to prevent bone allograft infection. This text is of interest to bioengineers, orthopedists, reconstructive surgeons, dentists, and physiotherapists This book addresses relevant issues that tissue-engineering researchers must consider when planning new strategies, especially in the bone and cartilage field. It describes transcription factors that are essential in bone development, and deals with bone healing.