ENT Secrets

"This is a very good all round ENT book " Reviewed by: Harry Brown on behalf of www.glycosmedia.com, November 2015 Key Features Apply the latest knowledge and techniques with content thoroughly updated by leaders in the field. Quickly review key concepts through a question-and-answer format, bulleted lists, mnemonics, "Exam Pearls," "Key Points" summaries, and practical tips from the authors. Enhance your reference power with a full range of well-organized essential topics in ear, nose and throat disorders. Improve content knowledge with a special chapter containing "Top 100 Secrets," providing an overview of essential material for last-minute study or self-assessment. Expert Consult eBook version included with purchase. This enhanced eBook experience allows you to search all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices. ENT Secrets......Page 2 کتاب پزشکی دات کام......Page 3 Copyright page......Page 5 Preface......Page 6 Contributors......Page 7 Chapter 1......Page 12 1 General Anatomy and Embryology with Radiology Correlates......Page 13 6. Describe the landmarks used to find the facial nerve during parotid surgery.......Page 14 11. Describe the lymph node levels of the neck used for staging head and neck cancer.......Page 15 14. Name the 12 cranial nerves and their functions.......Page 16 23. What changes to the appearance of a lymph node make it suspicious for malignancy on a CT scan with contrast?......Page 17 Bibliography......Page 18 3. How does the presentation of epiglottitis differ in adults and children?......Page 19 10. What are the common bacteria associated with MOE?......Page 20 19. What causes Ludwig’s angina?......Page 21 25. Describe emergent surgical management of the airway.......Page 22 Bibliography......Page 23 3. Describe how the neck is organized in terms of fascial planes.......Page 24 5. What conditions can present in a similar fashion to DNSI?......Page 25 13. What are the key physical exam findings in the evaluation of a patient with DNSI?......Page 26 16. How can submandibular space infections be distinguished from sublingual space infections?......Page 27 23. What empiric antibiotic regimens are appropriate for DNSI?......Page 28 Bibliography......Page 29 4 Antimicrobials and Pharmacotherapy......Page 30 5. Explain the spectrum of activity of the different classes of cephalosporin antibiotics.......Page 31 7. In addition to the penicillin and cephalosporin class of antibiotics, the carbapenems are also β-lactam antibiotics. What is their range of antimicrobial activity?......Page 32 12. Trimethaprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) is a bactericidal antibiotic that works by inhibiting bacterial production of folic acid. Describe the antimicrobial spectrum of action of the drug and its major side effects.......Page 33 15. Fungal infections of the head and neck are uncommon, but can be devastating. What are the classes of antifungal medications and what infections do they treat?......Page 34 Bibliography......Page 35 1. What is the difference between snoring and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)? What about sleep disordered breathing (SDB)? Upper airway resistance syndrome (UARS)?......Page 36 7. What medical comorbidities can predispose to sleep apnea?......Page 37 14. Are sleep studies always used in children?......Page 38 20. What minimally invasive procedures are available for treating sleep apnea?......Page 41 24. What is UPPP? What are the complications associated with it?......Page 42 Bibliography......Page 43 1. What is sarcoidosis?......Page 44 6. How is GPA diagnosed and treated?......Page 45 11. What is Behçet syndrome?......Page 46 18. List granulomatous fungal diseases that may occur in the head and neck.......Page 47 21. What is idiopathic midline destructive disease?......Page 48 Bibliography......Page 49 2. What is the differential diagnosis for facial pain?......Page 50 10. What percentage of patients presenting with complaints of sinus headache will meet IHS for migraine headache syndrome?......Page 51 18. Describe the criteria for diagnosis of TMJ pain disorders.......Page 52 Bibliography......Page 53 3. What is the impact of taste or smell dysfunction on quality of life?......Page 54 12. Describe the cellular composition of the olfactory epithelium.......Page 55 19. What are the major causes of olfactory disorders?......Page 56 Bibliography......Page 57 Chapter 9......Page 58 1. What are the skeletal derivatives of the six branchial arches?......Page 59 5. Where are the potential tracts of the branchial cleft sinuses?......Page 60 12. Describe the subsites of the hypopharynx.......Page 61 14. Where are the retropharyngeal space, danger space, and prevertebral space?......Page 62 18. What are the boundaries of the lymphatic levels of the neck (Figure 9-2)?......Page 63 20. Describe the pterygopalatine fossa (Figure 9-3).......Page 64 21. What are the branches of the external carotid artery in approximate order from proximal to distal?......Page 65 Bibliography......Page 66 5. What are the most common risk factors for head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) worldwide?......Page 67 15. How does the NOTCH pathway play a role in HNSCC?......Page 68 22. What is the major gene mutated in medullary thyroid cancer (MTC)?......Page 69 Bibliography......Page 70 2. What is a basal cell carcinoma?......Page 71 4. What makes a squamous cell carcinoma high risk?......Page 72 8. What is an actinic keratosis and how is it treated?......Page 73 9. What is actinic cheilitis?......Page 74 12. What are the indications for Mohs micrographic surgery?......Page 75 16. What is the clinical appearance of melanoma?......Page 76 19. What are risk factors for melanoma?......Page 77 23. When is a sentinel lymph node biopsy recommended for melanoma patients?......Page 78 25. What is the treatment for metastatic melanoma?......Page 79 26. What is the association between ultraviolet light and skin cancer?......Page 80 28. How are squamous cell carcinoma tumors staged?......Page 81 Bibliography......Page 82 3. Where in the oral cavity are minor salivary gland malignancies most commonly seen? What is the most common type?......Page 83 8. How is cancer of the oral cavity staged?......Page 84 Nodal Factors......Page 85 19. The incidence of many head and neck malignancies in the United States has been declining slowly in the recent past (likely due to decreased rates of smoking); however, the rate of oropharynx cancer is increasing significantly. To what factor is this attributed?......Page 86 Bibliography......Page 87 2. Regarding the divisions of the larynx, where does laryngeal cancer commonly occur?......Page 89 8. What is the significance of a paralyzed vocal fold?......Page 90 10. Discuss the routes of local spread and nodal metastasis of SCC of the different laryngeal regions.......Page 91 13. What are the surgical options for early laryngeal cancer?......Page 92 17. What is the prognosis for laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancers? Has this improved over the last few years?......Page 93 20. Discuss the treatment options for early glottic cancers.......Page 94 Bibliography......Page 95 3. Describe the anatomy of the sublingual gland.......Page 96 8. Describe common granulomatous diseases of the salivary glands and some pertinent features.......Page 97 10. List benign tumors of the salivary glands. Which is most common? Which can present bilaterally?......Page 98 14. Describe the staging of salivary gland tumors.......Page 99 17. What is the Hayes-Martin maneuver in submandibular gland removal?......Page 100 Bibliography......Page 101 3. What features indicate a higher risk of malignancy in the thyroid?......Page 102 10. What is the differential diagnosis of thyroid cancers?......Page 103 14. What is the difference between total thyroidectomy (TT), near-total thyroidectomy (NT), and sub-total thyroidectomy?......Page 104 20. What is the staging for medullary thyroid cancer (MTC)?......Page 105 28. What is the treatment for recurrent thyroid cancer?......Page 106 34. What is the differential diagnosis for hypercalcemia?......Page 107 38. What is the most recent NIH recommendation for surgery in the asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism patient?......Page 108 46. Is molecular diagnostics for thyroid cancer cost-effective?......Page 109 Bibliography......Page 110 2. What constitutes the Level II nodal group?......Page 111 7. Which primary sites are most likely to metastasize to these nodal groups?......Page 112 9. What is the AJCC nodal staging for nasopharyngeal tumors?......Page 113 16. What are the indications for an SND?......Page 114 21. Types of neck dissection after chemoradiation or radiation therapy.......Page 115 Bibliography......Page 116 2. What are the commonly used and confusing names for paragangliomas?......Page 118 7. What is the ideal imaging for paragangliomas?......Page 119 15. A 12-year-old boy presents with a history of unilateral nasal obstruction and heavy episodes of epistaxis. Physical examination reveals a large, purplish mass filling the nasopharynx. Should you biopsy this mass?......Page 120 20. What types of lasers are used to treat cutaneous vascular lesions?......Page 121 Bibliography......Page 122 2. Is there a difference in rates of malignancy between tumors found in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses?......Page 123 5. What is the standard treatment for inverting papilloma?......Page 124 12. What are the distinctive features of the following malignant sinonasal tumors?......Page 125 18. What are contraindications for surgery?......Page 126 22. What are the surgical approaches used to treat sinonasal malignancies?......Page 127 23. What are the anatomic boundaries of the different types of maxillectomies? What are the indications for these surgeries?......Page 128 26. What is the pterygopalatine fossa? What important structures are located in this space?......Page 129 29. What is cavernous sinus syndrome?......Page 130 Bibliography......Page 131 2. What are the most common pathologies in which skull base surgery (SBS) is performed?......Page 132 4. What types of approaches are used to access the skull base?......Page 133 10. What are the advantages of an endoscopic skull base approach?......Page 134 20. What is the vidian canal?......Page 135 25. What free flaps are preferred for reconstruction of larger defects?......Page 138 35. Best type of reconstruction.......Page 139 Bibliography......Page 140 3. In a patient with cervical lymphadenopathy, what features should alert the clinician to the possibility of lymphoma?......Page 141 8. What is the importance of performing an excisional lymph node biopsy in suspected lymphomas?......Page 142 17. Describe the management of mucositis.......Page 143 Bibliography......Page 144 1. What is radiation therapy (RT) and what are the common techniques used in treating cancers of the head and neck (HN)?......Page 145 2. Who should evaluate a patient prior to initiating RT with or without systemic therapy?......Page 146 6. Who cannot be treated with RT?......Page 147 10. Who should receive induction therapy?......Page 148 17. When delivering RT for an HN cancer of unknown primary, which areas should be treated?......Page 149 24. What are the potential long-term complications of RT?......Page 150 Bibliography......Page 151 Chapter 22......Page 152 3. What epithelium lines the paranasal sinuses?......Page 153 7. Where is the sphenoid sinus located?......Page 154 11. How are the sinuses evaluated radiographically?......Page 155 15. What is the difference between the hiatus semilunaris and the ethmoid infundibulum?......Page 156 17. How do the sinuses drain into the nasal cavity?......Page 157 23. Describe the blood supply to the nose and paranasal sinuses.......Page 158 28. In performing functional endoscopic sinus surgery, how large should the surgeon make the surgical ostia?......Page 159 Bibliography......Page 160 2. What blood vessels supply the nasal mucosa?......Page 161 5. What should be included in the history evaluation of a patient with new-onset epistaxis?......Page 162 11. What is primary versus secondary epistaxis? After determining if the bleed is primary or secondary in nature, how should you proceed?......Page 163 18. List a broad differential for new-onset nasal bleeding.......Page 164 22. What is the recommended medical management for an epistaxis patient currently on anticoagulation for cardiac disease?......Page 165 Bibliography......Page 166 3. What are structural causes of rhinitis?......Page 167 11. What are the common drugs associated with rhinitis?......Page 168 19. What are general classes of medications available in the treatment of rhinitis?......Page 169 Bibliography......Page 171 4. How common are infectious complications of acute rhinosinusitis?......Page 173 11. How long should antibiotics be prescribed and when should empiric antibiotics be changed if ineffective?......Page 174 15. What are the suppurative complications of ABRS?......Page 175 19. What is the role of fungi in acute rhinosinusitis?......Page 176 Bibliography......Page 177 5. How is CRS diagnosed in children?......Page 178 7. Describe the pathophysiology of CRS.......Page 180 12. How does fungus play a role in CRS?......Page 181 18. Describe the role of antimicrobial treatment in CRS.......Page 182 Bibliography......Page 183 27 Septoplasty and Turbinate Surgery......Page 184 5. What is a typical postoperative course after septoplasty/turbinate surgery?......Page 185 11. What are some techniques that help with hemostasis during and after septoplasty/turbinate surgery?......Page 187 16. What is the nasal valve?......Page 188 22. What is the clinical presentation and treatment of saddle nose deformity?......Page 189 29. Are the placement of nasal splints necessary after nasal surgery?......Page 190 Bibliography......Page 191 3. What measures should be taken prior to surgical intervention for the treatment of rhinosinusitis?......Page 192 8. What is a common reason for surgical failure of the maxillary antrostomy?......Page 193 11. What are the major complications of sinus surgery?......Page 194 20. What radiologic staging system is used to assess the ethmoid skull base?......Page 195 Bibliography......Page 196 2. What is empty sella syndrome and how is it treated?......Page 197 4. Where do encephaloceles occur?......Page 198 6. Describe the physiology of CSF production.......Page 199 12. Should antibiotics be used in patients with known CSF rhinorrhea?......Page 200 Bibliography......Page 201 4. What are the orbital foramina and what structures are contained within them?......Page 203 6. What are the extraocular muscles and where are they located?......Page 205 12. What are the indications of endoscopic DCR?......Page 207 19. Describe the anatomy of the optic nerve.......Page 208 Bibliography......Page 209 Chapter 31......Page 210 2. What are the hillocks of His? What structure do they ultimately form?......Page 211 6. Which congenital syndromes are associated with external ear abnormalities?......Page 212 8. What are the ossicles? What is their embryologic origin? What is their function?......Page 213 16. Which structures comprise the inner ear?......Page 214 19. What is the “traveling wave”?......Page 215 26. Which rare disorder of the semicircular canals is associated with an anomaly of the temporal bone? Which imaging modality is preferred for diagnosis?......Page 216 27. Which labyrinthine structure is thought to be a vestigial organ of hearing? Which electrophysiologic test is able to utilize this acoustic sensitivity?......Page 217 Bibliography......Page 218 32 Hearing Loss and Ototoxicity......Page 219 9. What is the incidence of congenital hearing loss?......Page 220 11. What are the developmental milestones for pediatric speech and hearing?......Page 221 16. Which cause of SNHL is preventable?......Page 222 25. What is cholesteatoma?......Page 223 Bibliography......Page 224 2. Describe the two general types of hearing loss. How are they different?......Page 225 5. Describe the Schwabach’s tuning fork test.......Page 226 9. What is an audiogram?......Page 227 13. How does the audiologist distinguish between air and bone conduction deficits?......Page 228 15. What is the speech reception threshold (SRT) test?......Page 229 18. What is the immittance test battery?......Page 230 23. Describe the acoustic reflex neural pathways.......Page 231 28. What are otoacoustic emissions (OAEs)?......Page 232 Bibliography......Page 233 5. What are the proposed mechanisms to explain subjective tinnitus?......Page 234 11. What causes of tinnitus are associated with pathology of the external ear canal?......Page 235 22. What are the effects of high-dose salicylates on tinnitus and hearing?......Page 236 24. How is auditory stimulation used in the treatment of tinnitus?......Page 237 Bibliography......Page 238 35 Evaluation of the Vestibular System and Vestibular Disorders......Page 240 4. What constitutes an abnormal Dix-Hallpike maneuver?......Page 241 11. How is migraine-associated dizziness treated?......Page 242 12. Why do the elderly develop imbalance?......Page 243 18. What history should I obtain in patients with Ménière’s disease?......Page 244 20. How can the otolith organs be tested?......Page 245 Bibliography......Page 246 2. When should a patient be referred to audiology for a hearing aid consult?......Page 247 6. What advancements in hearing aid technology have we seen in the last decade?......Page 248 12. What are the challenges associated with implantable hearing aids?......Page 249 14. Describe how the electrical stimulation provided by a CI is perceived as sound to the patient.......Page 250 19. What is bimodal stimulation and what are the binaural advantages one may experience?......Page 251 25. CIs as treatment for single-sided deafness.......Page 252 Bibliography......Page 253 3. What are the risk factors for acute otitis externa (AOE)? How do you prevent AOE?......Page 254 11. What are the most common bacterial pathogens found in OM? What are the most common organisms found in mastoiditis?......Page 255 13. What examination techniques are used in the diagnosis of otitis media?......Page 256 17. Is there any way to prevent OM?......Page 257 20. What are tympanostomy tubes? How do tympanostomy tubes help OME and AOM?......Page 258 Bibliography......Page 259 2. Describe the pathophysiology of complications related to chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM).......Page 260 8. What is the bacteriology of complicated OM?......Page 261 13. What is the role of imaging in the diagnosis of complicated OM?......Page 262 19. What is the role of anticoagulation with sigmoid sinus thrombosis due to OM?......Page 263 Bibliography......Page 264 2. What are the main types of mastoidectomy?......Page 266 5. When is a canal wall down procedure indicated?......Page 267 14. What are the indications for an ossicular chain reconstruction?......Page 268 18. What are the expected outcomes for ossicular reconstruction surgery?......Page 269 Bibliography......Page 270 4. What are the initial symptoms of otosclerosis?......Page 271 11. What role does acoustic immitance testing play in diagnosis of otosclerosis?......Page 272 13. Does medical treatment play a role in otosclerosis?......Page 273 18. What lasers are best suited for stapedotomy?......Page 274 Bibliography......Page 275 3. Briefly describe the different pathways of formation.......Page 276 6. How does a congenital cholesteatoma present?......Page 277 13. What are the standard surgical approaches?......Page 278 18. What’s new in cholesteatoma follow-up?......Page 279 Bibliography......Page 280 42 Facial Nerve......Page 281 3. Name the three anatomic segments of the fallopian canal, their course, and their length (Figure 42-3).......Page 282 9. What is synkinesis?......Page 284 12. List the common etiology categories of facial paralysis.......Page 285 17. Describe the electrophysiologic tests that are important in evaluating a patient with a facial paralysis?......Page 286 20. How do you treat facial nerve paralysis medically?......Page 287 24. Describe the most common traumatic injuries to the facial nerve.......Page 288 Bibliography......Page 289 1. What is the general role of surgery in the treatment of vertigo?......Page 290 9. What is a vestibular nerve section?......Page 291 13. What is Tullio’s phenomenon?......Page 292 17. What causes SSCD?......Page 293 Bibliography......Page 294 2. If you are positioned at the CPA looking laterally into the IAC, what is the relationship between the facial, cochlear and vestibular nerves?......Page 295 5. What is an acoustic neuroma (AN)?......Page 296 10. How are ANs treated?......Page 297 16. What postoperative complications may follow excision of a CPA tumor?......Page 298 23. How are paragangliomas treated?......Page 300 26. How is squamous cell carcinoma of the EAC staged and treated? What are the outcomes?......Page 301 Bibliography......Page 302 3. The temporal bone has several parts; what are they?......Page 303 7. Describe “transverse temporal bone fractures” and their significance.......Page 304 12. What physical findings on initial examination of a temporal bone fracture might require early surgical intervention by the otolaryngologist?......Page 305 15. What are the surgical approaches to facial nerve decompression?......Page 306 19. What kinds of hearing loss are seen with temporal bone trauma? How are they treated?......Page 307 21. Should patients with CSF leak due to temporal bone fracture receive antibiotics?......Page 308 Bibliography......Page 309 Chapter 46......Page 310 6. Why is the stapes shaped like a stirrup?......Page 311 8. What are the nerves that run through the middle ear?......Page 312 11. What are the boundaries of the sinus tympani?......Page 313 13. What are some commonly described developmental abnormalities of the cochlea and when does developmental arrest occur?......Page 314 19. How does ossification and normal development of the nasofrontal region affect imaging characteristics and choice of imaging for congenital nasal frontal masses?......Page 315 24. What is the anatomy of the tonsillar fossae?......Page 316 34. Describe the normal shape of tracheal rings and how they are different from the cricoid cartilage.......Page 317 Bibliography......Page 319 2. What unique physiological and mechanical properties of the pediatric airway increase the risk of respiratory compromise in infants versus adults?......Page 320 6. What is the differential diagnosis of respiratory distress that presents immediately at birth?......Page 321 11. Discuss the evaluation and management of children with Robin sequence.......Page 322 16. What radiographic findings are classically found in supraglottitis, croup and bacterial tracheitis?......Page 323 18. Discuss the presentation and management of supraglottitis.......Page 324 24. Which items have the highest risk for aspiration?......Page 325 Bibliography......Page 326 48 Chronic Pediatric Airway Diseases......Page 328 8. Describe the most commonly used grading system for subglottic stenosis.......Page 329 10. What is the underlying embryologic defect that leads to the development of a laryngeal cleft?......Page 330 14. What is the most common cause of unilateral vocal cord paralysis?......Page 331 18. What is the standard treatment of a subglottic infantile hemangioma?......Page 332 24. How is RRP treated?......Page 333 30. Discuss the workup of suspected pediatric aspiration.......Page 334 Bibliography......Page 335 2. Where are the adenoid and tonsils located?......Page 336 9. Describe the otolaryngologic manifestations of mononucleosis.......Page 337 13. How is obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) different from sleep disordered breathing (SDB)?......Page 338 20. What are nonsurgical treatment options for residual OSA?......Page 339 27. In patients with long-standing adenotonsillar obstruction, what pulmonary problem can occur after adenotonsillectomy?......Page 340 32. What does the postoperative management of adenotonsillectomy involve?......Page 341 38. List the indications for adenoidectomy.......Page 342 Bibliography......Page 343 3. What must be considered before surgical treatment and what is the treatment of choice?......Page 345 6. Discuss the types of BAs in relation to their developmental origin. Where would you expect them to track?......Page 346 12. What are the two most common malformations of the subglottis?......Page 348 17. How are microtia deformities described?......Page 349 Bibliography......Page 350 3. Summarize the guidelines for the cleft palate team.......Page 351 9. Distinguish between complete cleft lip and incomplete cleft lip.......Page 352 13. How is the secondary palate formed?......Page 354 20. Describe the approach to feeding in infants with cleft lip/palate.......Page 355 26. List the techniques used for formal repair of unilateral cleft lip.......Page 356 33. How is VPI treated?......Page 357 Bibliography......Page 358 3. How are neonatal hearing screen tests performed?......Page 359 9. How are genetic causes of hearing loss categorized?......Page 360 12. Describe inner and middle ear anomalies that can cause hearing loss.......Page 361 18. What is auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder (ANSD)?......Page 362 Bibliography......Page 363 5. Describe the dimensions of a normal ear.......Page 364 8. How is microtia or anotia characterized?......Page 365 15. How long do dressings need to be used after otoplasty?......Page 366 21. When does a lobule need to be corrected?......Page 367 22. Can a huge ear be reduced in size overall?......Page 368 Bibliography......Page 369 2. What is the most common tumor of infancy and what is the classic presentation?......Page 370 7. What is Kasabach-Merritt syndrome?......Page 371 13. What are the mainstays of treatment for lymphatic malformations?......Page 372 15. Which low flow vascular malformation tends to involve muscle such as the tongue? (Figure 54-5)......Page 374 Bibliography......Page 375 2. What is the most common neck mass in a child?......Page 376 7. What congenital neck masses occur in the lateral neck?......Page 377 10. What is the differential for inflammatory, but noninfectious lymphadenopathy?......Page 378 14. What is the most likely type of thyroid malignancy in a child?......Page 379 20. What are the types of neuroblastic neck masses?......Page 380 Bibliography......Page 381 Chapter 56......Page 382 2. What primitive structures contribute to the formation of the face?......Page 383 9. Discuss the embryologic development of the pinna.......Page 384 18. What are the facial aesthetic units?......Page 385 Bibliography......Page 386 5. What is healing by tertiary intention?......Page 387 11. What chemotactic and proliferative factors are released during wound healing?......Page 388 16. Describe the differences and similarities between hypertrophic scars and keloids (Figure 57-2).......Page 389 Bibliography......Page 390 4. What is the zero meridian of Gonzales-Ulloa?......Page 391 5. What are some important angles used for facial analysis?......Page 392 12. What is the supratip break?......Page 393 18. What are the methods used to assess nasal projection?......Page 395 21. How does forehead shape affect nasal appearance?......Page 396 23. What accounts for an aesthetic eyebrow and what are the differences between the male and female brow?......Page 397 Bibliography......Page 398 4. Why is rhinoplasty considered a challenging operation?......Page 399 5. How does one “analyze” the nose preoperatively for rhinoplasty?......Page 400 8. What is Goode’s ratio?......Page 401 13. What are the major and minor support mechanisms for the nasal tip?......Page 402 16. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the two standard rhinoplasty approaches?......Page 403 22. What is a “pollybeak” deformity and how does it occur?......Page 404 27. Do alloplastic implants have a role in rhinoplasty surgery?......Page 405 5. What is the difference between dermatochalasis and blepharoptosis?......Page 406 17. What choices are available to fill an anophthalmic socket after enucleation or evisceration?......Page 407 30. Name the different techniques to lift the brow.......Page 408 Bibliography......Page 409 61 Lasers, Skin Resurfacing, and Alopecia......Page 410 8. What are the limitations associated with the use of phenol?......Page 411 20. What are follicular units?......Page 412 27. How are the FUs obtained?......Page 413 Bibliography......Page 415 4. What is the SMAS?......Page 416 7. What is the most commonly injured motor nerve in facelift surgery?......Page 417 10. What are some important reference angles and points with regards to facelift?......Page 418 13. SMAS plication versus deep plane facelifts?......Page 419 Bibliography......Page 420 3. What is botulinum toxin used for?......Page 421 9. What is a chemical brow lift?......Page 422 18. What are different methods of injection of facial fillers?......Page 423 22. What is hyaluronidase and how is it used?......Page 424 Bibliography......Page 425 4. What key elements of the history and physical exam must be taken into account when approaching the patient with facial nerve paralysis?......Page 426 11. What is ectropion?......Page 427 20. Discuss the role of microneurovascular free flaps in facial reanimation.......Page 428 22. What is the role of static procedures in the facial paralysis patient?......Page 429 Bibliography......Page 430 3. What is a skin graft?......Page 431 12. What are the four main mechanisms by which skin grafts fail?......Page 432 18. How are local flaps classified by method of transfer?......Page 433 22. What is the theoretical increase in scar length created by a 45-45 degree Z-plasty? A 60-60 degree Z-plasty?......Page 435 Bibliography......Page 436 3. How is the angiosome concept important to flap design?......Page 437 11. What is the normal “three vessel” blood flow to the foot and why is this important in patients being considered for fibular free flap?......Page 438 17. How are leeches used in the salvage of compromised microvascular flaps?......Page 441 Bibliography......Page 442 3. What are the methods of verifying a secure airway after intubation or surgical airway procedure?......Page 443 6. Define shock.......Page 444 10. What are the vascular access options for a trauma patient?......Page 445 17. What are the key aspects of evaluation of a burn patient?......Page 446 Bibliography......Page 447 3. What characteristics of the mechanism of trauma are considered important?......Page 448 11. What is “frontal sinus cranialization”?......Page 449 19. What is an NOE fracture?......Page 450 27. What are common complications of orbital fracture repair?......Page 451 34. What are the mi